caa a22 4500 378850997 CHVBK 20180305123323.0 cr unu---uuuuu 161128e20031120xx s 000 0 eng 10.1515/JPM.2003.075 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)gruyter-10.1515/JPM.2003.075 Does the thrifty phenotype result from chronic glutamate intoxication? A hypothesis [Elektronische Daten] [M. Hermanussen, J. A. F. Tresguerres] The thrifty phenotype hypothesis proposes that the epidemiological associations between poor fetal and infant growth and the subsequent development of the metabolic syndrome, result from the effects of poor nutrition in early life. The present review however, considers an opposite explanation. We hypothesize that fetal over-nutrition plays a major role in the development of the metabolic syndrome. We found evidence that the thrifty phenotype may be the consequence of fetal hyperglutamatemia. Maternal glutamate (GLU) reaches the fetal circulation, as part of the materno-fetal glutamine-glutamate exchange. Glutamine is absorbed from the maternal circulation, and deaminated for nitrogen utilization, resulting in a fetal production of GLU. GLU is extracted as it returns to the placenta. When the umbilical plasma flow is low, GLU may be trapped in the fetal circulation, and reaches neurotoxic levels. Administering GLU to newborn rodents completely destructs arcuate nucleus neurons, and results in permanently elevated plasma leptin levels that fail to adequately counter-regulate food intake. Chronic fetal exposure to elevated levels of GLU may be caused by chronic maternal over-nutrition or by reduced umbilical plasma flow. We strongly suggest abandoning the flavoring agent monosodium glutamate and reconsidering the recommended daily allowances of protein and amino acids during pregnancy. Copyright © 2003 by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG Human reproduction, growth & development nationallicence Gynaecology & obstetrics nationallicence Paediatric medicine nationallicence Hermanussen M. aut Tresguerres J. A. F. aut Journal of Perinatal Medicine Walter de Gruyter 31/6(2003-11-20), 489-495 0300-5577 31:6<489 2003 31 jpme https://doi.org/10.1515/JPM.2003.075 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1515/JPM.2003.075 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Hermanussen M. aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Tresguerres J. A. F. aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Journal of Perinatal Medicine Walter de Gruyter 31/6(2003-11-20), 489-495 0300-5577 31:6<489 2003 31 jpme CC0 http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0 nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-gruyter