caa a22 4500 378861417 CHVBK 20180305123347.0 cr unu---uuuuu 161128e20030101xx s 000 0 eng 10.1351/pac200375111881 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)gruyter-10.1351/pac200375111881 Pharmaceuticals and personal care products - A source of endocrine disruption in the environment? [Elektronische Daten] [F. Ingerslev, E. Vaclavik, B. Halling-Sørensen] A wide variety of chemicals are used in pharmaceuticals. Most of these are already under thorough control for endocrine activity. The main causal agents recognized for endocrine disruption from sewage are substances used in medicine (sex hormones, glucocorticoids, and others), natural substances (estrone and 17β-estradiol), and synthetic estrogens (e.g., 17α-ethinylestradiol). Similar substances are used in anabolic agents (growth hormones) in livestock production in some countries. Although the estimated use of anabolic agents in livestock production is approximately one order of magnitude below the natural release of estrogens from farm animals, their possible significance remains unanswered. At present, no other medical substances are recognized as endocrine disruptors in the environment. However, candidates may be identified on the basis of simple assumptions regarding their use and activity: (1) Nonestrogenic steroids may react with environmental endocrine receptors or metabolize on their way to the environment and thus form endocrine disruptors. (2) Many high-volume drugs released to the environment have not yet been tested for their endocrine properties, and some of these are known to interact with the human endocrine system. (3) Compared to medicinal substances, personal care products and additives in drugs are used in high amounts; from this group, parabens, siloxanes, and other substances are suspected of causing endocrine disruption in the environment. © 2013 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Ingerslev F. The Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark aut Vaclavik E. The Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark aut Halling-Sørensen B. The Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark aut Pure and Applied Chemistry De Gruyter 75/11-12(2003-01-01), 1881-1893 0033-4545 75:11-12<1881 2003 75 pac https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200375111881 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200375111881 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Ingerslev F. The Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Vaclavik E. The Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Halling-Sørensen B. The Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Pure and Applied Chemistry De Gruyter 75/11-12(2003-01-01), 1881-1893 0033-4545 75:11-12<1881 2003 75 pac CC0 http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0 nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-gruyter