caa a22 4500 378861565 CHVBK 20180305123347.0 cr unu---uuuuu 161128e20030101xx s 000 0 eng 10.1351/pac200375112151 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)gruyter-10.1351/pac200375112151 Use of NOAEL, benchmark dose, and other models for human risk assessment of hormonally active substances [Elektronische Daten] [R. W. Setzer, C. A. Kimmel] The benchmark dose (BMD) is the dose of a substance that is expected to result in a prespecified level of effect, the benchmark response level or BMR. It is a general approach to characterizing dose response, applicable to any toxicant and endpoint. A BMD is conceptually superior to a "no observed adverse effect level" (NOAEL) for this purpose because of being less determined by experimental design, because it is a precisely defined entity, and because its precision can be estimated. Since a BMD is a single number, just as an NOAEL, it is tempting to use the BMD as a straightforward replacement for the NOAEL in the assessment process for calculating allowable daily intakes. However, the level of toxic response at a NOAEL is unknown, while that at a BMD is well defined. Use of the BMD approach potentially adds consistency and objectivity to the process of deriving reference values (RfDs, RfCs, or ADIs) for setting regulatory levels. To take advantage of this, BMRs need to be selected in a consistent way across studies and endpoints. This paper discusses some issues affecting the selection of BMRs, and presents an example of a BMD calculated for the effects of peripubertal exposure to the fungicide vinclozolin. © 2013 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Setzer R. W. USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Experimental Toxicology Division, Pharmacokinetics Branch, MD B143-01 109 TW Alexander Drive,Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; USEPA Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment (8623D), Ariel Rios Building, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20460, USA aut Kimmel C. A. USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Experimental Toxicology Division, Pharmacokinetics Branch, MD B143-01 109 TW Alexander Drive,Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; USEPA Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment (8623D), Ariel Rios Building, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20460, USA aut Pure and Applied Chemistry De Gruyter 75/11-12(2003-01-01), 2151-2158 0033-4545 75:11-12<2151 2003 75 pac https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200375112151 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200375112151 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Setzer R. W. USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Experimental Toxicology Division, Pharmacokinetics Branch, MD B143-01 109 TW Alexander Drive,Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; USEPA Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment (8623D), Ariel Rios Building, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20460, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Kimmel C. A. USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Experimental Toxicology Division, Pharmacokinetics Branch, MD B143-01 109 TW Alexander Drive,Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; USEPA Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment (8623D), Ariel Rios Building, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20460, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Pure and Applied Chemistry De Gruyter 75/11-12(2003-01-01), 2151-2158 0033-4545 75:11-12<2151 2003 75 pac CC0 http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0 nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-gruyter