caa a22 4500 378861859 CHVBK 20180305123348.0 cr unu---uuuuu 161128e20030101xx s 000 0 eng 10.1351/pac200375112305 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)gruyter-10.1351/pac200375112305 Wildlife as models for the study of how mixtures, low doses, and the embryonic environment modulate the action of endocrine-disrupting chemicals [Elektronische Daten] [David Crews, O. Putz, P. Thomas, Tyrone Hayes, Kembra Howdeshell] This paper will review briefly the use of wildlife as models in the study of how mixtures, low doses, and the embryonic environment modulate the action of endocrine active substances (EASs). In so doing it will show how the issue of low dosages must be considered within the context of mixtures present in the environment and the endocrine background of the exposed individual. That is, in nature, EASs usually are found in mixtures in which the constituent parts are in concentrations well below their no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) as determined in single compound studies in the laboratory. In addition, exposure always occurs on organisms in various endocrine states. Thus, the issue of mixtures and dosages must always be considered within the context of the endocrine background. Finally, the effects of exposure are passed down through the generations. The question of exposure then at the level of the individual becomes very complicated, as it must take into account that at every life stage, the naturally occurring endocrine milieu of the organism (or tissue), any EAS burden inherited from the mother or built up over the individual's life, and the social environment in which the individual develops and interacts as an adult, will influence the response to acute exposure. © 2013 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Crews David Institute of Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA; Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3060 Valley Life Sciences Building #3140, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, 105 Lefevre Hall, Columbia, MO 65211-6190, USA aut Putz O. Institute of Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA; Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3060 Valley Life Sciences Building #3140, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, 105 Lefevre Hall, Columbia, MO 65211-6190, USA aut Thomas P. Institute of Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA; Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3060 Valley Life Sciences Building #3140, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, 105 Lefevre Hall, Columbia, MO 65211-6190, USA aut Hayes Tyrone Institute of Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA; Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3060 Valley Life Sciences Building #3140, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, 105 Lefevre Hall, Columbia, MO 65211-6190, USA aut Howdeshell Kembra Institute of Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA; Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3060 Valley Life Sciences Building #3140, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, 105 Lefevre Hall, Columbia, MO 65211-6190, USA aut Pure and Applied Chemistry De Gruyter 75/11-12(2003-01-01), 2305-2320 0033-4545 75:11-12<2305 2003 75 pac https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200375112305 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200375112305 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Crews David Institute of Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA; Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3060 Valley Life Sciences Building #3140, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, 105 Lefevre Hall, Columbia, MO 65211-6190, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Putz O. Institute of Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA; Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3060 Valley Life Sciences Building #3140, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, 105 Lefevre Hall, Columbia, MO 65211-6190, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Thomas P. Institute of Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA; Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3060 Valley Life Sciences Building #3140, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, 105 Lefevre Hall, Columbia, MO 65211-6190, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Hayes Tyrone Institute of Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA; Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3060 Valley Life Sciences Building #3140, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, 105 Lefevre Hall, Columbia, MO 65211-6190, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Howdeshell Kembra Institute of Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA; Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3060 Valley Life Sciences Building #3140, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, 105 Lefevre Hall, Columbia, MO 65211-6190, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Pure and Applied Chemistry De Gruyter 75/11-12(2003-01-01), 2305-2320 0033-4545 75:11-12<2305 2003 75 pac CC0 http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0 nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-gruyter