caa a22 4500 378862049 CHVBK 20180305123349.0 cr unu---uuuuu 161128e20030101xx s 000 0 eng 10.1351/pac200375112263 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)gruyter-10.1351/pac200375112263 Deformed frogs and environmental retinoids [Elektronische Daten] [David Gardiner, A. Ndayibagira, Felix Grün, Bruce Blumberg] Since the early 1990s, a substantial number of deformed frogs have been observed in North America, particularly in the upper Midwest and Canada. Attempts to understand the etiology of the deformed frog problem have met with limited success to date with nearly as many proposed explanations as research groups working on the problem. Models for the mechanism underlying the development of deformed frogs include parasite/predation, ultraviolet radiation, and chemical exposure. Each model has its strengths and weaknesses. Despite contentious debate among researchers, there is an overall consensus that the increasing prevalence of deformed frogs is the result of a water-borne contaminant that has recently appeared, or reached a critical concentration. Our detailed analysis of malformed frogs collected in Minnesota ponds and lakes suggested that limb patterning was being modified by the disruption of a retinoid-sensitive developmental signaling pathway. Accordingly, we focused in the identification and characterization of bioactive retinoids from lake water and showed that retinoid treatment of frog embryos at sensitive times of development could recapitulate the full spectrum of limb abnormalities observed in field specimens in the laboratory. These data have led to the conclusion that inappropriate modulation of retinoid signaling by environmental contaminants is the mechanism underlying the increased incidence of frog malformations. © 2013 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Gardiner David Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2300, USA aut Ndayibagira A. Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2300, USA aut Grün Felix Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2300, USA aut Blumberg Bruce Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2300, USA aut Pure and Applied Chemistry De Gruyter 75/11-12(2003-01-01), 2263-2273 0033-4545 75:11-12<2263 2003 75 pac https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200375112263 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200375112263 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Gardiner David Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2300, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Ndayibagira A. Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2300, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Grün Felix Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2300, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Blumberg Bruce Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2300, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Pure and Applied Chemistry De Gruyter 75/11-12(2003-01-01), 2263-2273 0033-4545 75:11-12<2263 2003 75 pac CC0 http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0 nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-gruyter