caa a22 4500 378862081 CHVBK 20180305123349.0 cr unu---uuuuu 161128e20030101xx s 000 0 eng 10.1351/pac200375111671 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)gruyter-10.1351/pac200375111671 Function and mode of action of nuclear receptors: Estrogen, progesterone, and vitamin D [Elektronische Daten] [E. A. Kimbrel, D. P. McDonnell] Estrogens and progestins play important roles in regulating growth and differentiation of a wide range of cell types, in both reproductive and nonreproductive tissues. Not surprisingly, therefore, endocrine active substances that mimic the actions of these steroid hormones have been demonstrated to have untoward effects on the reproductive function of a variety of animals. Although direct links between exposure to endocrine active substances of this class and reproductive abnormalities in humans have been difficult to establish, the potential for harm by this class of chemicals warrants further investigation. This chapter summarizes our current understanding of the molecular pharmacology of the estrogen and progesterone receptors, ER and PR, beginning with a historical perspective of ER pharmacology and ending with a comparison of these receptors to the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a nonsteroid hormone nuclear receptor involved in regulating growth and development in nonreproductive tissues. Major topics discussed include receptor subtypes (or isoforms), receptor functional domains, ligand-binding characteristics, receptor structure, cofactor binding, effects of phosphorylation, and nonclassical modes of action. This discussion will demonstrate the need for developing novel screens for potential endocrine disruptors that incorporate our current understanding of nuclear receptor pharmacology. © 2013 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Kimbrel E. A. Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA aut McDonnell D. P. Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA aut Pure and Applied Chemistry De Gruyter 75/11-12(2003-01-01), 1671-1683 0033-4545 75:11-12<1671 2003 75 pac https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200375111671 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200375111671 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Kimbrel E. A. Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- McDonnell D. P. Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Pure and Applied Chemistry De Gruyter 75/11-12(2003-01-01), 1671-1683 0033-4545 75:11-12<1671 2003 75 pac CC0 http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0 nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-gruyter