caa a22 4500 378898833 CHVBK 20180305123513.0 cr unu---uuuuu 161128e20040501xx s 000 0 eng 10.2202/1538-0637.1067 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)gruyter-10.2202/1538-0637.1067 Internationally Common Features of Public Old-Age Pensions, and Their Implications for Models of the Public Sector [Elektronische Daten] [Casey B Mulligan, Xavier Sala-i-Martin] What does the international history of old-age Social Security program design say about the forces creating and sustaining it as a public program? First, because many program features are internationally common, and/or explained by country characteristics, SS may emerge and grow due to systematic political and economic forces. Second, some observations suggest that political forces are important: (a) SS redistributes from young to old, even when the elderly consume as much or more than do the young, and (b) benefits increase with lifetime earnings and are hardly means-tested. On the other hand, it is not simply a matter of the elderly out-voting the young, because: (c) benefit formulas induce retirement, especially in the countries with the largest SS budgets, and (d) similar public pension programs emerge and grow under very different political regimes. We explain how empirical observations, and some currently unanswered empirical questions, relate to various public pension theories. ©2011 Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston Social Security nationallicence Pensions nationallicence Elderly nationallicence Retirement nationallicence Political Economics nationallicence Mulligan Casey B. University of Chicago, c-mulligan@uchicago.edu aut Sala-i-Martin Xavier Columbia University, xs23@columbia.edu aut Advances in Economic Analysis & Policy De Gruyter 4/1(2004-05-01) 4:1 2004 4 bejeap https://doi.org/10.2202/1538-0637.1067 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.2202/1538-0637.1067 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Mulligan Casey B. University of Chicago, c-mulligan@uchicago.edu aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Sala-i-Martin Xavier Columbia University, xs23@columbia.edu aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Advances in Economic Analysis & Policy De Gruyter 4/1(2004-05-01) 4:1 2004 4 bejeap CC0 http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0 nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-gruyter