caa a22 4500 378905554 CHVBK 20180305123529.0 cr unu---uuuuu 161128e20040801xx s 000 0 eng 10.1515/ecfr.2004.1.2.135 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)gruyter-10.1515/ecfr.2004.1.2.135 Board Models in Europe - Recent Developments of Internal Corporate Governance Structures in Germany, the United Kingdom, France, and Italy [Elektronische Daten] [Klaus J. Hopt, Patrick C. Leyens] The struggle for efficient internal management control is the centre of the corporate governance debate in Europe since the incorporation of the Dutch Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie in 1602. Recent developments in Europe indicate growing convergence of internal control mechanisms independent of board structure. The revisions of the Combined Code in the United Kingdom and of the Principles of Corporate Governance in France (from 2003) increase the presence of independent directors on one-tier boards in Europe while the German two-tier structure is incorporating a key advantage of the one-tier model by strengthening the strategic role of the supervisory board (Aufsichtsrat) in the new German Corporate Governance Code of 2002. A trend to greater structural flexibility on the board level is strongly triggered by the introduction of a threefold board model choice under the French Loi Nouvelles Régulations Économiques of 2001 and under the Italian Vietti-Reform which has been in force since January 2004. © Walter de Gruyter EU law: financial, taxation, commercial, industrial nationallicence Hopt Klaus J. Prof. Dr. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Klaus J. Hopt, Director of the Max Planck Institute for Foreign Private and Private International Law, Hamburg, Germany. aut Leyens Patrick C. Patrick C. Leyens, LL.M. (London), Research Assistant at the Max Planck Institute for Foreign Private and Private International Law, Hamburg, Germany. aut European Company and Financial Law Review Walter de Gruyter 1/2(2004-08-01), 135-168 1613-2548 1:2<135 2004 1 ecfr https://doi.org/10.1515/ecfr.2004.1.2.135 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1515/ecfr.2004.1.2.135 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Hopt Klaus J. Prof. Dr. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Klaus J. Hopt, Director of the Max Planck Institute for Foreign Private and Private International Law, Hamburg, Germany aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Leyens Patrick C. Patrick C. Leyens, LL.M. (London), Research Assistant at the Max Planck Institute for Foreign Private and Private International Law, Hamburg, Germany aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- European Company and Financial Law Review Walter de Gruyter 1/2(2004-08-01), 135-168 1613-2548 1:2<135 2004 1 ecfr CC0 http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0 nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-gruyter