caa a22 4500 378906194 CHVBK 20180305123530.0 cr unu---uuuuu 161128e20040506xx s 000 0 eng 10.2202/1542-0485.1056 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)gruyter-10.2202/1542-0485.1056 Evenson Robert E. Yale University GMOs: Prospects for Productivity Increases in Developing Countries [Elektronische Daten] [Robert E. Evenson] There are two mechanisms by which modern genetically modified organism (GMO) products can affect productivity in developing countries. The first is the ‘Genes for Rent’ mechanism where a recipient country agrees with a GMO company to incorporate a GMO product (e.g., a Bt gene in cotton varieties) and pay a technology fee. The second is the ‘Transgenic Breeding’ mechanism in which National Agricultural Research System (NARS) breeders use modern biotech methods marker-aided breeding, genetic maps, and genomics research to produce GMO traits of economic value in crop varieties. The first mechanism requires little skill on the part of the recipient country (the GMO supplier will incorporate the gene into a number of varieties). But these GMO products are of little value in “traditional” crop varieties. Few countries have the Intellectual Property Rights or regulatory regimes at present to support this mechanism. The second mechanism is very demanding of skills by NARS breeders. Only a few NARS programs (notably China, India, Brazil, Argentina, and a few other countries) are investing in these skills. The promise of GMO-based productivity gains in developing countries is thus constrained. Only a few countries are positioned to pursue both mechanisms. ©2011 Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston Biotechnology nationallicence GMOs nationallicence productivity nationallicence developing countries nationallicence Journal of Agricultural & Food Industrial Organization De Gruyter 2/2(2004-05-06) 2:2 2004 2 jafio https://doi.org/10.2202/1542-0485.1056 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.2202/1542-0485.1056 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 100 1- Evenson Robert E. Yale University NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Journal of Agricultural & Food Industrial Organization De Gruyter 2/2(2004-05-06) 2:2 2004 2 jafio CC0 http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0 nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-gruyter