caa a22 4500 378931784 CHVBK 20190412221946.0 cr unu---uuuuu 161128e20040101xx s 000 0 eng 10.2202/1558-9544.1050 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)gruyter-10.2202/1558-9544.1050 Reference Pricing of Pharmaceuticals for Medicare: Evidence from Germany, the Netherlands, and New Zealand [Elektronische Daten] [Patricia M. Danzon, Jonathan D. Ketcham] This paper describes three prototypical systems of therapeutic reference pricing (RP) for pharmaceuticals—Germany, the Netherlands, and New Zealand—and examines their effects on the availability of new drugs, reimbursement levels, manufacturer prices, and out-of-pocket surcharges to patients. RPfor pharmaceuticals is not simply analogous to a defined contribution approach to subsidizing insurance coverage. Although a major purpose of RPis to stimulate competition, theory suggests that the achievement of this goal is unlikely, and this is confirmed by the empirical evidence. Other effects of RPdiffer across countries in predictable ways, reflecting each country’s system design and other cost-control policies. New Zealand’s RPsystem has reduced reimbursement and limited the availability of new drugs, particularly more expensive drugs. Compared to these three countries, if RP were applied in the United States, it would likely have a more negative effect on prices of on-patent products because of the more competitive U.S. generic market, and on research and development (R&D) and the future supply of new drugs, because of the much larger U.S. share of global pharmaceutical sales. ©2011 Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston Danzon Patricia M. University of Pennsylvania, and NBER aut Ketcham Jonathan D. University of California, Berkeley, and University of California, San Francisco aut Forum for Health Economics & Policy De Gruyter 7/1(2004-01-01) 7:1 2004 7 fhep https://doi.org/10.2202/1558-9544.1050 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.2202/1558-9544.1050 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Danzon Patricia M. University of Pennsylvania, and NBER aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Ketcham Jonathan D. University of California, Berkeley, and University of California, San Francisco aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Forum for Health Economics & Policy De Gruyter 7/1(2004-01-01) 7:1 2004 7 fhep CC0 http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0 nationallicence SWISSBIB 080488811 BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-gruyter