caa a22 4500 386312273 CHVBK 20180307111552.0 cr unu---uuuuu 161130s1988 xx s 000 0 eng 10.1017/S0020818300027697 doi S0020818300027697 pii (NATIONALLICENCE)cambridge-10.1017/S0020818300027697 Putnam Robert D. Professor of Government at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Diplomacy and domestic politics: the logic of two-level games [Elektronische Daten] [Robert D. Putnam] Domestic politics and international relations are often inextricably entangled, but existing theories (particularly "state-centric” theories) do not adequately account for these linkages. When national leaders must win ratification (formal or informal) from their constituents for an international agreement, their negotiating behavior reflects the simultaneous imperatives of both a domestic political game and an international game. Using illustrations from Western economic summitry, the Panama Canal and Versailles Treaty negotiations, IMF stabilization programs, the European Community, and many other diplomatic contexts, this article offers a theory of ratification. It addresses the role of domestic preferences and coalitions, domestic political institutions and practices, the strategies and tactics of negotiators, uncertainty, the domestic reverberation of international pressures, and the interests of the chief negotiator. This theory of "two-level games” may also be applicable to many other political phenomena, such as dependency, legislative committees, and multiparty coalitions. Copyright © The IO Foundation 1988 International Organization Cambridge University Press 42/3(1988), 427-460 0020-8183 42:3<427 1988 42 INO https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300027697 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300027697 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 100 1- Putnam Robert D. Professor of Government at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- International Organization Cambridge University Press 42/3(1988), 427-460 0020-8183 42:3<427 1988 42 INO CC0 http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0 nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-cambridge