caa a22 4500 38636138X CHVBK 20180307111916.0 cr unu---uuuuu 161130e198909 xx s 000 0 eng 10.4039/Ent121781-9 doi S0008347X00035689 pii (NATIONALLICENCE)cambridge-10.4039/Ent121781-9 CYSTIPHORA SONCHI (BREMI) (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE), A NEW BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT ESTABLISHED ON THE WEED PERENNIAL SOW-THISTLE (SONCHUS ARVENSIS L.) (COMPOSITAE) IN CANADA [Elektronische Daten] Aspects of the biology of Cystiphora sonchi (Bremi) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) were investigated and releases were made on perennial sow-thistle (Sonchus arvensis L.) (Compositae) in six provinces of Canada. Fecundity, determined by dissection of newly emerged females, averaged 86.2 eggs. Cystiphora sonchi became established in Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Nova Scotia, and produced three generations at Vegreville, Alberta. In fall, mature larvae enter the soil, and most can pupate in temperatures of 4 °C. The gall fly thrives in shady and sunny locations. Cattle caused considerable fly mortality by feeding on galled leaves of perennial sow-thistle. Extremely dry or moist soils reduced the number of adults that emerged from pupation and extremely moist soils increased the lengths of the pupation periods. Flooding caused greater mortality of pupae than of larvae but 2% of the larvae survived flooding up to 8 weeks. Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1989 Peschken D.P. Agriculture Canada Research Station, PO Box 440, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada S4P 3A2 McClay A.S. Alberta Environmental Centre, Bag 4000, Vegreville, Alberta, Canada T0B 4L0 Derby J.L. Agriculture Canada Research Station, PO Box 440, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada S4P 3A2 DeClerck R. Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, PO Box 5640, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA 86011 The Canadian Entomologist Cambridge University Press 121/9(1989-09), 781-791 0008-347X 121:9<781 1989 121 TCE https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent121781-9 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent121781-9 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Peschken D.P. Agriculture Canada Research Station, PO Box 440, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada S4P 3A2 NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- McClay A.S. Alberta Environmental Centre, Bag 4000, Vegreville, Alberta, Canada T0B 4L0 NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Derby J.L. Agriculture Canada Research Station, PO Box 440, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada S4P 3A2 NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- DeClerck R. Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, PO Box 5640, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA 86011 NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- The Canadian Entomologist Cambridge University Press 121/9(1989-09), 781-791 0008-347X 121:9<781 1989 121 TCE CC0 http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0 nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-cambridge