caa a22 4500 386375119 CHVBK 20180307112015.0 cr unu---uuuuu 161130e198902 xx s 000 0 eng 10.1017/S1742758400003404 doi S1742758400003404 pii (NATIONALLICENCE)cambridge-10.1017/S1742758400003404 Pollination biology of Theobroma and Herrania (Sterculiaceae)—III. Steam-distilled floral oils of Theobroma species as attractants to flying insects in a Costa Rican cocoa plantation [Elektronische Daten] Steam-distilled floral oils (essences) from several species of Theobroma(Sterculiaceae) (T. cacao Linneaus, T. simiarum Donn. Smith, T. mammosum Cuatr. & Leon, and T. speciosum Willd.) were tested using McPhail traps, in an abandoned Costa Rican cocoa plantation to determine their levels of attraction for flying insects. In each of the three bioassays (two successive dry seasons and one intervening rainy season), the traps were inoculated with floral scents at 1, 10, and 100 ppm, while controls were inoculated with a 10% solution of chloroform solvent in distilled water. Of a total of 223 Diptera captured in all three bioassays, only 5% were found in the controls, indicating attraction to the floral oil. About 72% of all Diptera captured were Cecidomyiidae, of which three species, Mycodiplosis ligulata Gagne, Aphodiplosis triangularas (Felt.) and Ledomyia sp., comprised 59% of the total. Eighty-eight per cent of all midges captured were females. Only 7% of the total were known cocoa-pollinating midges of Ceratopogonidae, and all of these were females. Sixteen per cent were Phoridae, known pollinators of the allied genus Herrania in Costa Rica. Although the chemical composition of floral oils varies greatly among the species of Theobroma, no discernible differences were found in the attraction of midges to floral oils tested. While floral fragrances in Theobroma species may represent a generalized adaptation for dipteran pollination, small numbers of several species of Trigona bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponinae) were also attracted to the floral oils. Copyright © ICIPE 1989 Theobroma mammosum nationallicence T. cacao nationallicence T. simiarum nationallicence T. speciosum nationallicence pollinators nationallicence Costa Rica nationallicence attractants nationallicence Mycodiplosis ligulata nationallicence Aphodiplosis triangularis nationallicence Ledomyia sp nationallicence Young Allen M. Invertebrate Zoology Section, Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233 Erickson Barbara J. Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 Erickson Eric H. USDA, ARS, North Central States Bee Research Unit, Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 International Journal of Tropical Insect Science Cambridge University Press 10/1(1989-02), 93-98 1742-7584 10:1<93 1989 10 JTI https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742758400003404 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742758400003404 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Young Allen M. Invertebrate Zoology Section, Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233 NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Erickson Barbara J. Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Erickson Eric H. USDA, ARS, North Central States Bee Research Unit, Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- International Journal of Tropical Insect Science Cambridge University Press 10/1(1989-02), 93-98 1742-7584 10:1<93 1989 10 JTI CC0 http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0 nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-cambridge