caa a22 4500 386399735 CHVBK 20180307112153.0 cr unu---uuuuu 161130e198901 xx s 000 0 eng 10.1017/S0031182000083396 doi S0031182000083396 pii (NATIONALLICENCE)cambridge-10.1017/S0031182000083396 Wakelin D. Department of Zoology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD Nature and nurture: overcoming constraints on immunity [Elektronische Daten] [D. Wakelin] Parasitic infections in man and domestic animals exhibit two striking characteristics (a) their prevalence is high, but infections are unequally distributed among individuals within populations and (b) immunity is often slow to develop and appears, at best, only partially effective. Recent immunological and epidemiological studies suggest that effective immunity can develop, but that high prevalence within populations reflects the operation, not only of socio-economic and climatic factors, or husbandry practices, but also of powerful environmentally induced constraints upon the development of resistance. Immunogenetic studies suggest the operation of additional constraints which reflect individual genetic characteristics, and which influence the ability to develop and express effective immunity. A full understanding of all constraints is necessary before levels of population and individual resistance to infection can be increased; the need for such understanding has become more pressing with the prospect that anti-parasite vaccines may become available. Two aspects of environmentally induced constraints are considered, those arising from nutritional inadequacies and those resulting from exposure to infection in early life. Both are discussed primarily in terms of helminth parasites. Genetically determined constraints are discussed with reference to MHC-restricted recognition of malarial peptide vaccines and in terms of Class II molecule-directed control of T-cell function in Leishmania infections. Genetic influences are also considered from the standpoint of inflammatory cell function, in immunity against intestinal nematodes and in vaccine-induced immunity against Schistosoma. Finally, parasite-induced constraints, particularly those which down-regulate protective responses are discussed briefly. Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1989 constraints on immunity nationallicence helminth parasites nationallicence nutrition nationallicence infection nationallicence MHC class II nationallicence Parasitology Cambridge University Press 99/S1(1989-01), S21-S35 0031-1820 99:S1<S21 1989 99 PAR https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182000083396 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182000083396 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 100 1- Wakelin D. Department of Zoology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Parasitology Cambridge University Press 99/S1(1989-01), S21-S35 0031-1820 99:S1<S21 1989 99 PAR CC0 http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0 nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-cambridge