caa a22 4500 388044128 CHVBK 20180307125031.0 cr unu---uuuuu 161130e199804 xx s 000 0 eng 10.2307/524683 doi S000202060003417X pii (NATIONALLICENCE)cambridge-10.2307/524683 Emizet Kisangani N. F. Confronting Leaders at the Apex of the State: The Growth of the Unofficial Economy in Congo [Elektronische Daten] [Kisangani N. F. Emizet] This study examines ways that political leaders influence the development of the unofficial economy in Congo. Using aggregate data as well as data from observation and two surveys conducted in 1991-1992, it demonstrates that the unofficial economy develops not only as a reaction against an over-regulated state, but also because of a market segmentation along gender lines, state policy in defining property rights, and networks of relationships that partly shape the behavior of bureaucrats who act to satisfy their own preferences. Although the unofficial economy creates institutions that can challenge state hegemony, it neither allocates resources equally among the participants nor provides an equal access to high-profit activities to all. The findings suggest that women are more likely to be involved in low-value profit sectors of the unofficial economy than men. Because the unofficial economy reinforces mutual trust and reciprocity, it tends to create a new idea of social order and interactions. Copyright © African Studies Association 1998 African Studies Review Cambridge University Press 41/1(1998-04), 99-137 0002-0206 41:1<99 1998 41 ASR https://doi.org/10.2307/524683 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.2307/524683 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 100 1- Emizet Kisangani N. F. NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- African Studies Review Cambridge University Press 41/1(1998-04), 99-137 0002-0206 41:1<99 1998 41 ASR CC0 http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0 nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-cambridge