caa a22 4500 388051213 CHVBK 20180307125054.0 cr unu---uuuuu 161130s1998 xx s 000 0 eng 10.1162/002081898550554 doi S0020818398440281 pii (NATIONALLICENCE)cambridge-10.1162/002081898550554 Hanson Brian T. What Happened to Fortress Europe?: External Trade Policy Liberalization in the European Union [Elektronische Daten] [Brian T. Hanson] In an era when many fear the breakdown of the global trading order through the emergence of relatively closed regional trading blocs, assessing the effects of European integration on external European Union trade is particularly important. Surprisingly, despite a severe recession accompanied by record levels of unemployment, a history of increasing protection under similar economic circumstances, and alarming predictions about "fortress Europe,” external trade policy in the region has liberalized in recent years. Prominent trade policy explanations emphasizing changing interest group demands or changing ideas of policymakers are inadequate to account for this significant change in trade policy. Instead, much of this liberalization can be best understood as an unforeseen consequence of the Single European Act. Completing the single market undermined the effectiveness of national trade measures and made it difficult to enact new trade barriers, thus producing a liberal bias in European policy. Copyright © The IO Foundation 1998 International Organization Cambridge University Press 52/1(1998), 55-85 0020-8183 52:1<55 1998 52 INO https://doi.org/10.1162/002081898550554 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1162/002081898550554 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 100 1- Hanson Brian T. NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- International Organization Cambridge University Press 52/1(1998), 55-85 0020-8183 52:1<55 1998 52 INO CC0 http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0 nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-cambridge