caa a22 4500 388097221 CHVBK 20180307125307.0 cr unu---uuuuu 161130e199905 xx s 000 0 eng 10.1017/S0029665199000531 doi S0029665199000531 pii (NATIONALLICENCE)cambridge-10.1017/S0029665199000531 Millward D. Joe Centre for Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 5XH, UK Optimal intakes of protein in the human diet [Elektronische Daten] [D. Joe Millward] For protein, progress is slow in defining quantifiable indicators of adequacy other than balance and growth. As far as current requirements are concerned, only in the case of infants and children is there any case for revision, and this change is to lower values. Such intakes would appear to be safe when consumed as milk formula. In pregnancy, notwithstanding the concern that deficiency may influence programming of disease in later life, there is little evidence of any increased need, and some evidence that increased intakes would pose a risk. For the elderly there is no evidence of an increased requirement or of benefit from increased intakes, except possibly for bone health. For adults, while we now know much more about metabolic adaptation to varying intakes, there would appear to be no case for a change in current recommendations. As far as risks and benefits of high intakes are concerned, there is now only a weak case for risk for renal function. For bone health the established views of risk of high protein intakes are not supported by newly emerging data, with benefit indicated in the elderly. There is also circumstantial evidence for benefit on blood pressure and stroke mortality. With athletes there is little evidence of benefit of increased intakes in terms of performance, with older literature suggesting an adverse influence. Thus, given that a safe upper limit is currently defined as twice the reference nutrient intake, and that for individuals with high energy requirements this value (1.5 g/kg per d) is easily exceeded, there is a case for revising the definition of a safe upper limit. Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1999 Protein requirements nationallicence Pregnancy nationallicence Bone health nationallicence Renal function nationallicence Blood pressure nationallicence Proceedings of the Nutrition Society Cambridge University Press 58/2(1999-05), 403-413 0029-6651 58:2<403 1999 58 PNS https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665199000531 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 conference jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665199000531 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 100 1- Millward D. Joe Centre for Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 5XH, UK NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society Cambridge University Press 58/2(1999-05), 403-413 0029-6651 58:2<403 1999 58 PNS CC0 http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0 nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-cambridge