caa a22 4500 388097310 CHVBK 20180307125307.0 cr unu---uuuuu 161130e199905 xx s 000 0 eng 10.1017/S0029665199000427 doi S0029665199000427 pii (NATIONALLICENCE)cambridge-10.1017/S0029665199000427 Dietary influences on chronic obstructive lung disease and asthma: a review of the epidemiological evidence [Elektronische Daten] The epidemiological evidence for a relationship between diet and indicators of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is evaluated. The review focuses on the intake of Na, n−3 fatty acids, and antioxidant vitamins as well as fruit and vegetables. Experimental studies suggest that a high-Na diet has a small adverse effect on airway reactivity in asthma patients. However, observational studies provide no clear evidence that high Na intake has adverse effects on airway reactivity or asthma symptoms in open populations. n−3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are present in fish oils, are metabolized into less broncho-constricting and inflammatory mediators than n−6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Studies in the general adult population suggest that a high fish intake has a beneficial effect on lung function, but the relationship with respiratory symptoms and clinically-manifest asthma or COPD is less evident. Also, experimental studies in asthma patients have not demonstrated an improvement in asthma severity after supplementation with fish oil. Several studies showed a beneficial association between fruit and vegetable intake and lung function, but the relationship with respiratory symptoms and the clinically-manifest disease was less convincing. A similar pattern was found for vitamin C in relation to indicators of asthma and COPD, but there are still conflicting results with respect to vitamin E and β-carotene. In conclusion, the epidemiological evidence for a beneficial effect on indicators of asthma and COPD of eating fish, fruit and vegetables is increasing. However, the effectiveness of dietary supplementation in open-population samples is often not demonstrated. Several unresolved questions are raised, which should be addressed in future studies on the relationship between diet and respiratory disease. Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1999 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease nationallicence Asthma nationallicence Sodium nationallicence n−3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids nationallicence Antioxidants nationallicence Fruit and vegetable consumption nationallicence Smit Henriette A. Department of Chronic Disease and Environmental Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands Grievink Linda Department of Chronic Disease and Environmental Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands Tabak Cora Department of Chronic Disease and Environmental Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands Proceedings of the Nutrition Society Cambridge University Press 58/2(1999-05), 309-319 0029-6651 58:2<309 1999 58 PNS https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665199000427 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 conference jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665199000427 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Smit Henriette A. Department of Chronic Disease and Environmental Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Grievink Linda Department of Chronic Disease and Environmental Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Tabak Cora Department of Chronic Disease and Environmental Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society Cambridge University Press 58/2(1999-05), 309-319 0029-6651 58:2<309 1999 58 PNS CC0 http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0 nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-cambridge