caa a22 4500 388105208 CHVBK 20180307125335.0 cr unu---uuuuu 161130e199912 xx s 000 0 eng 10.1017/S1742758400018968 doi S1742758400018968 pii (NATIONALLICENCE)cambridge-10.1017/S1742758400018968 The History of Biological Control with Nosema locustae: Lessons for Locust Management [Elektronische Daten] The historical account of the rise and fall of Nosema locustae as a biological control agent of grasshoppers has substantial implications for the successful development and implementation of biological control of migratory locusts in Africa. The potential of N. locustae was ultimately not sufficient to overcome a set of impediments, including: efficacy (the rate and extent of mortality were relatively low), target specificity (not all pest species were susceptible), formulation (wheat bran bait excluded feeding by some pests), cost (the price of the formulated product was excessive), storage (the organism lacked long-term stability), complex application (the pathogen and its carrier had to be applied during a narrow set of environmental and logistical parameters) and production (the use of an in vivo production system made high-volume production difficult). Some of the most significant limitations that led to the failure of N. locustae have been overcome by work on other pathogens, including the problems of formulation, storage, efficacy and production. However, at least four relevant lessons can be derived from the N. locustae story and applied to ongoing work with biological control of migratory locusts. First, the erratic population dynamics of acridids necessitates that the production, storage and distribution of an augmentative biological control agent will be driven by a boom-and-bust cycle. Second, the immense spatial scale and low unit value of the resources (rangelands) being protected create a unique set of logistical challenges. Third, the control of acridids involves the management of a native insect pest embedded within complex, native ecosystems, which suggests that our interventions should be undertaken with a great deal of caution, monitoring and, ultimately, humility. Fourth, although pathogens can be used as ‘bio-insecticides', biological control requires education of end-users regarding a more sophisticated approach to pest management. Copyright © ICIPE 1999 orthoptères nationallicence acrididés nationallicence Nosema locustae nationallicence criquets nationallicence sauterelles nationallicence microspordies nationallicence pathogène nationallicence augmentation nationallicence lutte biologique nationallicence Orthoptera nationallicence Acrididae nationallicence Nosema locustae nationallicence grasshoppers nationallicence locusts nationallicence microsporidian nationallicence pathogen nationallicence augmentation nationallicence biological control nationallicence Lockwood Jeffrey A. Entomology Section, Department of Renewable Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071-3354, USA Bomar Charles R. Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin - Stout, Menomonie, WI 54751, USA Ewen Al B. Agriculture Canada (retired), Box 509, 145 Main St. Dalmeny, Sask. SOK 1E0, Canada International Journal of Tropical Insect Science Cambridge University Press 19/4(1999-12), 333-350 1742-7584 19:4<333 1999 19 JTI https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742758400018968 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742758400018968 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Lockwood Jeffrey A. Entomology Section, Department of Renewable Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071-3354, USA NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Bomar Charles R. Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin - Stout, Menomonie, WI 54751, USA NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Ewen Al B. Agriculture Canada (retired), Box 509, 145 Main St. Dalmeny, Sask. SOK 1E0, Canada NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- International Journal of Tropical Insect Science Cambridge University Press 19/4(1999-12), 333-350 1742-7584 19:4<333 1999 19 JTI CC0 http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0 nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-cambridge