caa a22 4500 397500661 CHVBK 20180308164532.0 cr unu---uuuuu 161202e199502 xx s 000 0 eng 10.1093/spp/22.1.51 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)oxford-10.1093/spp/22.1.51 Munson Abby Global Security Programme, Social and Political Sciences, University of Cambridge, Free School Lane, Cambridge, CB2 3RQ, UK Risk associated with and liability arising from, releases of genetically manipulated organisms into the environment [Elektronische Daten] [Abby Munson] During the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), many governments recognised the risks attached to the deliberate release of genetically-manipulated organisms (GMOs), but failed to discuss in any detail a liability regime for such releases. This is one of a number of factors that preclude confidence that large-scale environmental release of GMOs, which now seem inevitable, can be carried out safely. Safety policy could not begin to be effective without some internationally harmonised provision for strict and retrospective liability, and clean up, should a released GMO turn hazardous. An effective liability regime will be extremely difficult to achieve operationally: the precautionary and polluter-pays principles, it is argued, will be difficult-to-impossible to apply in their strictest definitions for GMO releases. © Beech Tree Publishing 1995 Science and Public Policy Beech Tree Publishing 22/1(1995-02), 51-63 0302-3427 22:1<51 1995 22 spp https://doi.org/10.1093/spp/22.1.51 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1093/spp/22.1.51 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 100 1- Munson Abby Global Security Programme, Social and Political Sciences, University of Cambridge, Free School Lane, Cambridge, CB2 3RQ, UK NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Science and Public Policy Beech Tree Publishing 22/1(1995-02), 51-63 0302-3427 22:1<51 1995 22 spp Metadata rights reserved CC BY-NC-4.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 nationallicence SWISSBIB 363976086 BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-oxford