caa a22 4500 39754300X CHVBK 20180308164731.0 cr unu---uuuuu 161202s1995 xx s 000 0 eng 10.1093/japr/4.1.94 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)oxford-10.1093/japr/4.1.94 Labor Costs and the Packaging of Table Eggs 1962 to 1991 [Elektronische Daten] [D. R. Kuney, S. Bokhari, D. Bell, G. Zeidler] This study was conducted to determine the labor requirements and associated costs for cleaning, grading, and packaging table eggs in large and small processing plants in California in 1990/1991 and the long term trend in labor costs and plant and machine efficiencies over almost three decades. Ten off-line plants were studied in the 1990/91 survey: five plants processing less than 10,000 cases/wk (small plants) and five plants processing more than 10,000 cases/wk (large plants). In 1991 the average California plant processed 12,195 cases/wk. The typical large plant processed 17,954 cases/wk, where the small plants processed 6,436 cases/wk. The average plant processed 8.88 cases/man-hour at a labor cost of 3.1¢/doz. Machine efficiency averaged 77.0% and was similar for large and small plants. However, plant efficiencies (averaging 94.7%) varied greatly, with 118.6% for large compared to 70.8% for small plants. During the period 1962 to 1991, wage rates increased almost six-fold from $1.43/hr to $8.46/hr. At the same time cases/man-hour increased only three-fold from 2.95 to 8.88 cases. As a result, labor costs per dozen barely doubled (1.6 to 3.1¢). The use of high capacity equipment and better usage of the plant have allowed the industry to control labor costs. The higher efficiencies of machines and plant operations were found to be the major factors in cost containment. © 1995 Applied Poultry Science, Inc. Costs nationallicence egg cartoning nationallicence labor nationallicence packaging nationallicence processing nationallicence Kuney D. R. Department of Avian Sciences/Cooperative Extension, University of California, Riverside and Modesto, CA 92521; Phone: (909) 787-5038; FAX: (909) 787-5091 aut Bokhari S. Department of Avian Sciences/Cooperative Extension, University of California, Riverside and Modesto, CA 92521; Phone: (909) 787-5038; FAX: (909) 787-5091 aut Bell D. Department of Avian Sciences/Cooperative Extension, University of California, Riverside and Modesto, CA 92521; Phone: (909) 787-5038; FAX: (909) 787-5091 aut Zeidler G. Department of Avian Sciences/Cooperative Extension, University of California, Riverside and Modesto, CA 92521; Phone: (909) 787-5038; FAX: (909) 787-5091 aut Journal of Applied Poultry Research Oxford University Press 4/1(1995), 94-99 1056-6171 4:1<94 1995 4 japr https://doi.org/10.1093/japr/4.1.94 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1093/japr/4.1.94 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Kuney D. R. Department of Avian Sciences/Cooperative Extension, University of California, Riverside and Modesto, CA 92521; Phone: (909) 787-5038; FAX: (909) 787-5091 aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Bokhari S. Department of Avian Sciences/Cooperative Extension, University of California, Riverside and Modesto, CA 92521; Phone: (909) 787-5038; FAX: (909) 787-5091 aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Bell D. Department of Avian Sciences/Cooperative Extension, University of California, Riverside and Modesto, CA 92521; Phone: (909) 787-5038; FAX: (909) 787-5091 aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Zeidler G. Department of Avian Sciences/Cooperative Extension, University of California, Riverside and Modesto, CA 92521; Phone: (909) 787-5038; FAX: (909) 787-5091 aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Journal of Applied Poultry Research Oxford University Press 4/1(1995), 94-99 1056-6171 4:1<94 1995 4 japr Metadata rights reserved CC BY-NC-4.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-oxford