caa a22 4500 397546572 CHVBK 20180308164739.0 cr unu---uuuuu 161202e19960301xx s 000 0 eng 10.1093/aesa/89.2.184 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)oxford-10.1093/aesa/89.2.184 Reassessment of Butterfly Family Relationships Using Independent Genes and Morphology [Elektronische Daten] [S. J. Weller, D. P. Pashley, J. A. Martin] Evolutionary relationships of true butterflies (Papilionoidea) are addressed using sequence data from nuclear, 28S ribosomal RNA, and the mitochondria), protein-coding gene, ND1. We include a reanalysis of morphological characters from the literature to obtain an independent estimate of phylogeny. Neither morphology nor sequence data produce a single tree, and their results disagree on the relationships of Pieridae, Lycaenidae, and Riodinidae. The total evidence analysis corroborates Kristensen's hypothesis of butterfly family evolution. Lycaenids and riodinids form a clade and are placed as the sister to Nymphalidae. Pieridae is placed as the sister taxon to this apical clade and not as the sister to Papilionidae. Nymphalid subfamily relationships remain enigmatic, particularly the placement of Ithomiinae and Libytheinae. © 1996 Entomological Society of America Systematics nationallicence Lepidoptera nationallicence systematics nationallicence ribosomal RNA nationallicence mitochondrial DNA nationallicence Weller S. J. Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108. aut Pashley D. P. Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803. aut Martin J. A. HENN1G86 is a computer program privately published by J.F. Farris. aut Annals of the Entomological Society of America Oxford University Press 89/2(1996-03-01), 184-192 0013-8746 89:2<184 1996 89 aesa https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/89.2.184 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/89.2.184 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Weller S. J. Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Pashley D. P. Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Martin J. A. HENN1G86 is a computer program privately published by J.F. Farris aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Annals of the Entomological Society of America Oxford University Press 89/2(1996-03-01), 184-192 0013-8746 89:2<184 1996 89 aesa Metadata rights reserved CC BY-NC-4.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-oxford