caa a22 4500 445299622 CHVBK 20180317142553.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170323e20100901xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s11430-010-4008-x doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s11430-010-4008-x Calibration and brightness temperature algorithm of CE-1 Lunar Microwave Sounder (CELMS) [Elektronische Daten] [ZhenZhan Wang, Yun Li, XiaoHui Zhang, Jiang JingShan, ChuanDong Xu, DeHai Zhang, WeiGuo Zhang] CE-1 Lunar Microwave Sounder (CELMS) is the first passive microwave radiometer in the world to sound the surface of the moon in the lunar orbit at altitude of 200 km. The scientific objective of CELMS is to obtain global brightness temperature (T B) of the moon, to retrieve information on lunar regolith, and to evaluate the distribution of helium-3 on the moon implanted by solar wind. Before launch of CELMS, a series of experiments were carried out in laboratories to test the performances of the systems, and to calibrate the responses between the input of T B and the output of voltage from the receivers. However, the thermal condition exposed to CELMS is more complicated in lunar orbit than on the Earth, which makes the temperatures of different parts of CELMS wave vary greatly, and the cosmic background is not very clean due to the pointing of cold space antenna to the direction of the satellite running, which brings uncertainties into data-processing of CELMS when the temperature of cold space is used as a calibrator. Furthermore, the lack of knowledge on the lunar ingredients and compositions, distributions of physical temperatures, and properties on lunar microwave radiation leads to difficulties in validating the measurements and retrievals of CELMS. By analyzing the results of ground experiments and the measurements of CELMS in-orbit, along with our knowledge of the properties of lunar surface, here we give algorithms on calibration and antenna pattern correction (APC) of CELMS. We also describe in detail the principle of microwave transfer among the elements of CELMS, and discuss the method on testing calibration parameters of the system. In addition, the theory and model on correction antenna pattern of CELMS are developed by comparing antenna temperatures by CELMS with those simulated by microwave radiative transfer models. The global distribution of T B is given and the features of T B are analyzed. Our results show rich information included in T B on the properties of lunar regolith, especially the thickness and dielectric constant, which are nearly directly reflected by the differences of T B at day and those at night. Science China Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2010 CE-1 nationallicence CE-1 Lunar Microwave Sounder/CELMS nationallicence in-orbit calibration nationallicence cold space nationallicence APC algorithm nationallicence Wang ZhenZhan National Microwave Remote Sensing Laboratory, Center for Space Science and Applied Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China aut Li Yun National Microwave Remote Sensing Laboratory, Center for Space Science and Applied Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China aut Zhang XiaoHui National Microwave Remote Sensing Laboratory, Center for Space Science and Applied Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China aut JingShan Jiang National Microwave Remote Sensing Laboratory, Center for Space Science and Applied Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China aut Xu ChuanDong National Microwave Remote Sensing Laboratory, Center for Space Science and Applied Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China aut Zhang DeHai National Microwave Remote Sensing Laboratory, Center for Space Science and Applied Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China aut Zhang WeiGuo National Microwave Remote Sensing Laboratory, Center for Space Science and Applied Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China aut Science China Earth Sciences SP Science China Press 53/9(2010-09-01), 1392-1406 1674-7313 53:9<1392 2010 53 11430 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-010-4008-x text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-010-4008-x text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Wang ZhenZhan National Microwave Remote Sensing Laboratory, Center for Space Science and Applied Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Li Yun National Microwave Remote Sensing Laboratory, Center for Space Science and Applied Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Zhang XiaoHui National Microwave Remote Sensing Laboratory, Center for Space Science and Applied Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- JingShan Jiang National Microwave Remote Sensing Laboratory, Center for Space Science and Applied Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Xu ChuanDong National Microwave Remote Sensing Laboratory, Center for Space Science and Applied Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Zhang DeHai National Microwave Remote Sensing Laboratory, Center for Space Science and Applied Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Zhang WeiGuo National Microwave Remote Sensing Laboratory, Center for Space Science and Applied Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Science China Earth Sciences SP Science China Press 53/9(2010-09-01), 1392-1406 1674-7313 53:9<1392 2010 53 11430 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer