caa a22 4500 445299835 CHVBK 20180317142553.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170323e20100701xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s11430-010-3076-2 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s11430-010-3076-2 Determination of ocean tide loading displacements in Hong Kong using GPS technique [Elektronische Daten] [LinGuo Yuan, XiaoLi Ding, HePing Sun, Ping Zhong, Wu Chen] Ocean tide loading (OTL) displacements of eight principal constituents at 12 sites in Hong Kong were determined using more than eight years of continuous GPS observations. Parameters of the OTL displacements were estimated using daily GPS solutions obtained with precise point positioning (PPP) technique. The results were compared with predictions from seven latest global ocean tide models. Gravity measurements of OTL in Hong Kong were also used to validate the GPS results. The study shows that the results from both the GPS and gravity measurements agree best with the GOT4.7 and NAO99b models, when the K1 and K2 constituents are excluded. The agreements between the GPS and the model estimates are generally at sub-millimeter level in both the horizontal and vertical directions, except for S2, K2 and K1 constituents that have relatively larger errors. After removing the systematic biases between the GPS and the model estimates, the misfits of M2, S2, N2, O1, P1 and Q1 at all sites are within 0.5 and 1.0 mm in the horizontal and the vertical directions, respectively, whereas K1 and K2 show relatively larger misfits of up to 2.3 mm. Both the GPS and the gravity S2 estimates have large biases with unknown reasons when compared with the modeled values, which needs to be further investigated. The study demonstrates that GPS is capable of estimating the OTL displacements with the same accuracy as the model predictions, especially for coastal areas. Science China Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2010 GPS nationallicence ocean tide loading nationallicence ocean tide model nationallicence site displacement nationallicence Yuan LinGuo Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China aut Ding XiaoLi Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China aut Sun HePing Key Laboratory of Dynamic Geodesy, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430077, Wuhan, China aut Zhong Ping Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China aut Chen Wu Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China aut Science China Earth Sciences SP Science China Press 53/7(2010-07-01), 993-1007 1674-7313 53:7<993 2010 53 11430 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-010-3076-2 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-010-3076-2 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Yuan LinGuo Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Ding XiaoLi Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Sun HePing Key Laboratory of Dynamic Geodesy, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430077, Wuhan, China aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Zhong Ping Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Chen Wu Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Science China Earth Sciences SP Science China Press 53/7(2010-07-01), 993-1007 1674-7313 53:7<993 2010 53 11430 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer