caa a22 4500 445313951 CHVBK 20180317142639.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170323e20110501xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s11095-010-0309-1 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s11095-010-0309-1 Nano-emulsions and Micro-emulsions: Clarifications of the Critical Differences [Elektronische Daten] [Nicolas Anton, Thierry Vandamme] ABSTRACT: Much research has been done over the past years on self-emulsifying drug delivery systems, their main interest being the simplicity of the formulation processes, the great stability of the systems and their high potential in pharmaceutical applications and industrial scaling-up. Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems are generally described in the literature indiscriminately as either nano-emulsions or micro-emulsions. Although this misconception appears to be common, these two systems are fundamentally different, based on very different physical and physicochemical concepts. Their differences result in very different stability behaviors, which can have significant consequences regarding their applications and administration as nanomedicines. This paper aims at clarifying the problem, first by reviewing all the physical and physicochemical fundamentals regarding these two systems, using a quantitative thermodynamic approach for micro-emulsions. Following these clarifications, we show how the confusion between nano-emulsions and micro-emulsions appears in the literature and how most of the micro-emulsion systems referred to are actually nano-emulsion systems. Finally, we illustrate how to clear up this misconception using simple experiments. Since this confusion is well established in the literature, such clarifications seem necessary in order to improve the understanding of research in this important field. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 2010 emulsion nationallicence micro-emulsion nationallicence nano-emulsion nationallicence SEDDS nationallicence self-emulsifying drug delivery system nationallicence Anton Nicolas University of Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie; CNRS 7199, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, équipe de Pharmacie Biogalénique, 74 route du Rhin, BP 60024, F-67401, Illkirch Cedex, France aut Vandamme Thierry University of Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie; CNRS 7199, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, équipe de Pharmacie Biogalénique, 74 route du Rhin, BP 60024, F-67401, Illkirch Cedex, France aut Pharmaceutical Research Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 28/5(2011-05-01), 978-985 0724-8741 28:5<978 2011 28 11095 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-010-0309-1 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 review-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-010-0309-1 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Anton Nicolas University of Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie; CNRS 7199, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, équipe de Pharmacie Biogalénique, 74 route du Rhin, BP 60024, F-67401, Illkirch Cedex, France aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Vandamme Thierry University of Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie; CNRS 7199, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, équipe de Pharmacie Biogalénique, 74 route du Rhin, BP 60024, F-67401, Illkirch Cedex, France aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Pharmaceutical Research Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 28/5(2011-05-01), 978-985 0724-8741 28:5<978 2011 28 11095 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer