caa a22 4500 445329491 CHVBK 20180317142732.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170323e20110301xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s10648-010-9149-0 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s10648-010-9149-0 Cultural Adaptations to Environmental Variability: An Evolutionary Account of East-West Differences [Elektronische Daten] [Lei Chang, Miranda Mak, Tong Li, Bao Wu, Bin Chen, Hui Lu] Much research has been conducted to document and sometimes to provide proximate explanations (e.g., Confucianism vs. Western philosophy) for East-West cultural differences. The ultimate evolutionary mechanisms underlying these cross-cultural differences have not been addressed. We propose in this review that East-West cultural differences (e.g., independent versus interdependent self construal; autonomy versus harmony in values; hierarchical versus egalitarian relationships) result from social learning and individual learning as primary means to adapt to the local environment. Historical and contemporary evidence from multiple sources is reviewed that indicates smaller extents of environmental variability in East Asia including China than in Europe and North America, favoring social learning in the East and individual learning in the West. Corresponding to these different adaptive strategies, East-West differences stem from learning styles that differ between copying and rote memorization, on the one hand, and critical thinking and innovative problem solving, on the other hand. These primary cultural differences are correlated with such personality attributes as conformity, compliance, and independence that serve to facilitate social or individual learning. This and other cross-cultural and educational psychological research is reviewed as evidence to support our evolutionary explanation of why Eastern and Western cultures differ in the ways in which they do. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 2010 Evolution nationallicence Cultural evolution nationallicence Cultural adaptation nationallicence Social learning nationallicence Individual learning nationallicence East-West differences nationallicence Learning styles nationallicence Conformity nationallicence Compliance nationallicence Self-concept nationallicence Cross-cultural differences nationallicence Chinese nationallicence Chang Lei Department of Educational Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China aut Mak Miranda Department of Educational Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China aut Li Tong Department of Educational Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China aut Wu Bao Department of Educational Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China aut Chen Bin Department of Educational Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China aut Lu Hui Department of Educational Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China aut Educational Psychology Review Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 23/1(2011-03-01), 99-129 1040-726X 23:1<99 2011 23 10648 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-010-9149-0 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 review-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-010-9149-0 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Chang Lei Department of Educational Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Mak Miranda Department of Educational Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Li Tong Department of Educational Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Wu Bao Department of Educational Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Chen Bin Department of Educational Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Lu Hui Department of Educational Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Educational Psychology Review Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 23/1(2011-03-01), 99-129 1040-726X 23:1<99 2011 23 10648 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer