caa a22 4500 445341300 CHVBK 20180317142813.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170323e20111101xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s00436-011-2366-8 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s00436-011-2366-8 Isolation and identification of Legionella and their host amoebae from weak alkaline carbonate spring water using a culture method combined with PCR [Elektronische Daten] [Shih-Wei Huang, Bing-Mu Hsu, Nai-Hsiung Chen, Chin-Chun Huang, Kuan-Hao Huang, Jung-Sheng Chen, Po-Min Kao] Legionella were detected with the direct DNA extraction method, Legionella culture method, and free-living amoebae (FLA) culture method from weak alkaline carbonate spring water in Taiwan. Moreover, we also investigated the existence of Acanthamoeba, Hartmannella, and Naegleria, ubiquitous FLA in aquatic environments, to identify the correlations between existing Legionella. This study reports detecting Legionella in 15 of the 51 weak alkaline carbonate spring water samples (29.4%). This work also found five of the 51 samples (9.8%) analyzed by the direct DNA extraction method, three of the 51 (5.9%) samples analyzed by the Legionella culture method, and 11 of the 51 samples (21.6%) evaluated using the FLA culture method to be positive for Legionella. The most frequently identified Legionella species was the Legionella-like amoebal pathogen (n = 5), followed by unidentified Legionella spp. (n = 4), and Legionella pneumophila (n = 4), Legionella fairfieldensis (n = 3), and then Legionella rubrilucens (n = 2). Legionella waltersii was detected once. The occurrence of Acanthamoeba, Hartmannella, and Naegleria were 5.9% (3/51), 52.9% (27/51), and 5.9% (3/51), respectively. All Hartmannella isolates were identified as Hartmannella vermiformis, and Naegleria isolates were all identified as Naegleria australiensis. The three Acanthamoeba isolates were identified as one Acanthamoeba polyphaga and two Acanthamoeba jacobsi. H. vermiformis (40.7%) were Legionella hosts, including all of the amoebae-resistant Legionella detected in the present study. Therefore, the important correlations between Legionella and H. vermiformis require further clarification. The combined results of this survey confirm that Legionella and FLA are ubiquitous in weak alkaline carbonate spring water in Taiwan. Springer-Verlag, 2011 Huang Shih-Wei Super Micro Mass Research and Technology Center, Cheng-Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China aut Hsu Bing-Mu Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Minhsiung Township, 62102, Minhsiung, Chiayi County, Taiwan, Republic of China aut Chen Nai-Hsiung Institute of Applied Geophysics and Environmental Science, National Chung Cheng University, Minhsiung, Chiayi, Taiwan, Republic of China aut Huang Chin-Chun Institute of Seismology, National Chung Cheng University, Minhsiung, Chiayi, Taiwan, Republic of China aut Huang Kuan-Hao Institute of Seismology, National Chung Cheng University, Minhsiung, Chiayi, Taiwan, Republic of China aut Chen Jung-Sheng Institute of Applied Geophysics and Environmental Science, National Chung Cheng University, Minhsiung, Chiayi, Taiwan, Republic of China aut Kao Po-Min Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Minhsiung Township, 62102, Minhsiung, Chiayi County, Taiwan, Republic of China aut Parasitology Research Springer-Verlag 109/5(2011-11-01), 1233-1241 0932-0113 109:5<1233 2011 109 436 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-2366-8 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-2366-8 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Huang Shih-Wei Super Micro Mass Research and Technology Center, Cheng-Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Hsu Bing-Mu Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Minhsiung Township, 62102, Minhsiung, Chiayi County, Taiwan, Republic of China aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Chen Nai-Hsiung Institute of Applied Geophysics and Environmental Science, National Chung Cheng University, Minhsiung, Chiayi, Taiwan, Republic of China aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Huang Chin-Chun Institute of Seismology, National Chung Cheng University, Minhsiung, Chiayi, Taiwan, Republic of China aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Huang Kuan-Hao Institute of Seismology, National Chung Cheng University, Minhsiung, Chiayi, Taiwan, Republic of China aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Chen Jung-Sheng Institute of Applied Geophysics and Environmental Science, National Chung Cheng University, Minhsiung, Chiayi, Taiwan, Republic of China aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Kao Po-Min Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Minhsiung Township, 62102, Minhsiung, Chiayi County, Taiwan, Republic of China aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Parasitology Research Springer-Verlag 109/5(2011-11-01), 1233-1241 0932-0113 109:5<1233 2011 109 436 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer