caa a22 4500 445341327 CHVBK 20180317142814.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170323e20111101xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s00436-011-2384-6 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s00436-011-2384-6 Biolarvicidal compound gymnemagenol isolated from leaf extract of miracle fruit plant, Gymnema sylvestre (Retz) Schult against malaria and filariasis vectors [Elektronische Daten] [Venkatesan Gopiesh Khanna, Krishnan Kannabiran, Govindasamy Rajakumar, Abdul Rahuman, Thirunavukkarasu Santhoshkumar] Owing to the fact that the application of synthetic larvicide has envenomed the surroundings as well as non-target organisms, natural products of plant origin with insecticidal properties have been tried as an indigenous method for the control of a variety of insect pests and vectors in the recent past. Insecticides of plant origin have been extensively used on agricultural pests and, to a very limited extent, against insect vectors of public health importance, which deserve careful and thorough screening. The use of plant extracts for insect control has several appealing features as these are generally more biodegradable, less hazardous and a rich storehouse of chemicals of diverse biological activities. Moreover, herbal sources give a lead for discovering new insecticides. Therefore, biologically active plant materials have attracted considerable interest in mosquito control study in recent times. The crude leaf extracts of Gymnema sylvestre (Retz) Schult (Asclepiadaceae) and purified gymnemagenol compound were studied against the early fourth-instar larvae of Anopheles subpictus Grassi and Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). In the present study, bioassay-guided fractionation of petroleum ether leaf extract of G. sylvestre led to the separation and identification of gymnemagenol as a potential new antiparasitic compound. Phytochemical analysis of G. sylvestre leaves revealed the presence of active constituents such as carbohydrates, saponins, phytosterols, phenols, flavonoids and tannins. However, cardiac glycosides and phlobatannins are absent in the plant extracts. Quantitative analysis results suggested that saponin (5%) was present in a high concentration followed by tannins (1.0%). The 50g powder was loaded on silica gel column and eluted with chloroform-methanol-water as eluents. From that, 16mg pure saponin compound was isolated and analysed by thin layer chromatography using chloroform and methanol as the solvent systems. The structure of the purified triterpenoid fraction was established from infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13C NMR and mass spectral data. The carbon skeleton of the compound was obtained by 13C NMR spectroscopy. The chemical shift assignments obtained for gymnemagenol from 1H NMR correspond to the molecular formula C30H50O4. The compound was identified as 3β, 16β, 28, 29-tetrahydroxyolean-12-ene (gymnemagenol sapogenin). Parasite larvae were exposed to varying concentrations of purified compound gymnemagenol for 24h. The results suggested that the larval mortality effects of the compound were 28%, 69%, 100% and 31%, 63%, 100% at 6, 12 and 24h against A. subpictus and C. quinquefasciatus, respectively. In the present study, the per cent mortality were 100, 86, 67, 36, 21 and 100, 78, 59, 38 and 19 observed in the concentrations of 1,000, 500, 250, 125 and 62.75ppm against the fourth-instar larvae of A. subpitcus and C. quinquefasciatus, respectively. The purified compound gymnemagenol was tested in concentrations of 80, 40, 20, 10 and 5ppm, and the per cent mortality were 100, 72, 53, 30 and15 against A. subpitcus and 100, 89, 61, 42 and 30 against C. quinquefasciatus, respectively. The larvicidal crude leaf extract of G. sylvestre showed the highest mortality in the concentration of 1,000ppm against the larvae of A. subpictus (LC50 = 166.28ppm, r 2 = 0.807) and against the larvae of C. quinquefasciatus (LC50 = 186.55ppm, r 2 = 0.884), respectively. The maximum efficacy was observed in gymnemagenol compound with LC50 and r 2 values against the larvae of A. subpictus (22.99ppm, 0.922) and against C. quinquefasciatus (15.92ppm, 0.854), respectively. The control (distilled water) showed nil mortality in the concurrent assay. Springer-Verlag, 2011 Gopiesh Khanna Venkatesan Biomolecules and Genetics Division, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, 632 014, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India aut Kannabiran Krishnan Biomolecules and Genetics Division, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, 632 014, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India aut Rajakumar Govindasamy Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam- 632 509, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India aut Rahuman Abdul Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam- 632 509, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India aut Santhoshkumar Thirunavukkarasu Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam- 632 509, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India aut Parasitology Research Springer-Verlag 109/5(2011-11-01), 1373-1386 0932-0113 109:5<1373 2011 109 436 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-2384-6 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-2384-6 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Gopiesh Khanna Venkatesan Biomolecules and Genetics Division, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, 632 014, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Kannabiran Krishnan Biomolecules and Genetics Division, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, 632 014, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Rajakumar Govindasamy Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam- 632 509, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Rahuman Abdul Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam- 632 509, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Santhoshkumar Thirunavukkarasu Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam- 632 509, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Parasitology Research Springer-Verlag 109/5(2011-11-01), 1373-1386 0932-0113 109:5<1373 2011 109 436 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer