caa a22 4500 445353368 CHVBK 20180317142851.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170323e20110301xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s00221-011-2547-9 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s00221-011-2547-9 The role of vision, speed, and attention in overcoming directional biases during arm movements [Elektronische Daten] [Natalia Dounskaia, Jacob Goble] Previous research has revealed directional biases (preferences to select movements in specific directions) during horizontal arm movements with the use of a free-stroke drawing task. The biases were interpreted as a result of a tendency to generate motion at either the shoulder or elbow (leading joint) and move the other (subordinate) joint predominantly passively to avoid neural effort for control of interaction torque. Here, we examined influence of vision, movement speed, and attention on the directional biases. Participants performed the free-stroke drawing task, producing center-out strokes in randomly selected directions. Movements were performed with and without vision and at comfortable and fast pace. A secondary, cognitive task was used to distract attention. Preferred directions remained the same in all conditions. Bias strength mildly increased without vision, especially during fast movements. Striking increases in bias strength were caused by the secondary task, pointing to additional cognitive load associated with selection of movements in the non-preferred directions. Further analyses demonstrated that the tendency to minimize active interference with interaction torque at the subordinate joint matched directional biases in all conditions. This match supports the explanation of directional biases as a result of a tendency to minimize neural effort for interaction torque control. The cognitive load may enhance this tendency in two ways, directly, by reducing neural capacity for interaction torque control, and indirectly, by decreasing capacity of working memory that stores visited directions. The obtained results suggest strong directional biases during daily activities because natural arm movements usually subserve cognitive tasks. Springer-Verlag, 2011 Arm movements nationallicence Optimal control nationallicence Interaction torque nationallicence Multi-joint nationallicence Cognitive load nationallicence Secondary task nationallicence Working memory nationallicence Dounskaia Natalia Kinesiology Program, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 870701, 85287-0701, Tempe, AZ, USA aut Goble Jacob Harrington Department of Bioengineering, Arizona State University, 85287, Tempe, AZ, USA aut Experimental Brain Research Springer-Verlag 209/2(2011-03-01), 299-309 0014-4819 209:2<299 2011 209 221 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-011-2547-9 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-011-2547-9 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Dounskaia Natalia Kinesiology Program, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 870701, 85287-0701, Tempe, AZ, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Goble Jacob Harrington Department of Bioengineering, Arizona State University, 85287, Tempe, AZ, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Experimental Brain Research Springer-Verlag 209/2(2011-03-01), 299-309 0014-4819 209:2<299 2011 209 221 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer