caa a22 4500 445354534 CHVBK 20180317142855.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170323e20110101xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s00221-010-2476-z doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s00221-010-2476-z Physical delay but not subjective delay determines learning rate in prism adaptation [Elektronische Daten] [Hirokazu Tanaka, Kazuhiro Homma, Hiroshi Imamizu] Timing is critical in determining the causal relationship between two events. Motor adaptation relies on the timing of actions and their results for determining which preceding control signals were responsible for subsequent error in the resulting movements. An artificially induced temporal delay in error feedback as short as 50ms has been found to slow the learning rate of prism adaptation. Recent studies have demonstrated that our sense of simultaneity is flexibly adaptive when a persistent delay is inserted into visual feedback timing of one's own action. Therefore, judgments of "subjective simultaneity” (i.e. whether two events are simultaneous on a subjective basis) do not necessarily correspond to the actual simultaneity of physical events. We evaluated the effects of adaptation to a temporal shift of subjective simultaneity on prism adaptation by examining whether prism adaptation depends on physical timing or subjective timing. We found that after persistently experiencing an additional 100-ms delay in a pointing experiment, psychometric curves of the timing of judgments about the temporal order of touching and visual feedback were shifted by 40ms, indicating that subjective simultaneity adapted. Next, while maintaining temporal adaptation, participants adapted to spatial displacement caused by a prism with and without an additional temporal delay in feedback. Learning speed was reliably predicted by physical timing but not by subjective timing. These results indicate that prism adaptation occurs independently of awareness of subjective timing and may be processed in primary motor areas that are thought to have fidelity with temporal relations. Springer-Verlag, 2010 Motor adaptation nationallicence Subjective simultaneity nationallicence Physical simultaneity nationallicence Temporal adaptation nationallicence Spatial adaptation nationallicence Tanaka Hirokazu National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NiCT), Hikaridai 2-2-2, Keihanna Science City, 619-0288, Kyoto, Japan aut Homma Kazuhiro Nagaoka University of Technology, 940-2188, Niigata, Japan aut Imamizu Hiroshi National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NiCT), Hikaridai 2-2-2, Keihanna Science City, 619-0288, Kyoto, Japan aut Experimental Brain Research Springer-Verlag 208/2(2011-01-01), 257-268 0014-4819 208:2<257 2011 208 221 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-010-2476-z text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-010-2476-z text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Tanaka Hirokazu National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NiCT), Hikaridai 2-2-2, Keihanna Science City, 619-0288, Kyoto, Japan aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Homma Kazuhiro Nagaoka University of Technology, 940-2188, Niigata, Japan aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Imamizu Hiroshi National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NiCT), Hikaridai 2-2-2, Keihanna Science City, 619-0288, Kyoto, Japan aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Experimental Brain Research Springer-Verlag 208/2(2011-01-01), 257-268 0014-4819 208:2<257 2011 208 221 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer