caa a22 4500 445359064 CHVBK 20180317142909.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170323e20110701xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s00334-011-0291-5 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s00334-011-0291-5 The climate of the Younger Dryas as a boundary for Einkorn domestication [Elektronische Daten] [Sylvi Haldorsen, Hasan Akan, Bahattin Çelik, Manfred Heun] The domestication of the Neolithic founder crops of the Near East has recently been a topic of debate particularly with respect to how rapidly the domestication of these crops occurred. One school of thought maintains that these processes lasted several thousand years (‘protracted model' with ‘gathering', ‘cultivation' and ‘domestication' as three stages of a continuum, each taking up to several thousand years), while another favors the view that domestication occurred much more quickly, over several hundred years at most (‘rapid transition'). Our study focuses on one of these crops, 1-grained domesticated Einkorn wheat, incorporating data from geology, vegetation history, and climate. In the Karacadağ region of southeastern Turkey, where 1-grained Einkorn wheat was domesticated, the climate was severe (i.e. cold and dry) during the Younger Dryas. The climate of the Younger Dryas acted as boundary during which a) conditions were not suitable for ‘cultivation', and b) Einkorn would have retreated to refugia exhibiting more suitable moisture-bearing soils that would have made ‘gathering' difficult. Around 11600cal. b.p., the Younger Dryas ended and a very rapid climatic amelioration commenced at the beginning of the Early Holocene, enabling grasses to spread throughout the region. A ritual PPNA/PPNB site (Göbekli Tepe) and associated PPNB settlements such as Nevali Çori and Çayönü were established at this time. In the settlements of Nevali Çori and Cafer Höyük, the oldest domesticated Einkorn was found in the earliest archaeological layers. This confirms that the inhabitants made use of domesticated 1-grained Einkorn from the very beginning of settlement activity, although they continued to practice a mixed lifestyle as hunter-gatherers and farmers. For Çayönü the issue is more complex, but here domesticated Einkorn also appears around the same time. In summary, by 10400cal. b.p. domesticated 1-grained Einkorn was present in large quantities at a variety of sites. This would give a maximum window of time lasting approximately 1,200years and is therefore not in agreement with the ‘protracted' model but would be consistent with a ‘rapid transition'. It is improbable that the ‘cultivation' of wild Einkorn was practiced in the Karacadağ region, since wild Einkorn was plentiful during the favorable growing conditions following the Younger Dryas, making it more likely that ‘gathering' would have been practiced. Because Einkorn has not been found in early settlements in the southern Levant, this crop cannot have been ‘gathered' and ‘cultivated' there but instead was ‘domesticated' independently and solely in southeastern Turkey. Therefore, the YD acts as a boundary, providing a maximum time frame for 1-grained Einkorn domestication. Springer-Verlag, 2011 Einkorn nationallicence Domestication nationallicence Younger Dryas nationallicence Holocene nationallicence Neolithic nationallicence Southeastern Turkey nationallicence Haldorsen Sylvi Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O.Box 5003, 1430, Ås, Norway aut Akan Hasan Harran University, Science and Art Faculty, 63200, Osmanbey, Şanlıurfa, Turkey aut Çelik Bahattin Harran University, Science and Art Faculty, 63200, Osmanbey, Şanlıurfa, Turkey aut Heun Manfred Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O.Box 5003, 1430, Ås, Norway aut Vegetation History and Archaeobotany Springer-Verlag 20/4(2011-07-01), 305-318 0939-6314 20:4<305 2011 20 334 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-011-0291-5 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 review-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-011-0291-5 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Haldorsen Sylvi Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O.Box 5003, 1430, Ås, Norway aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Akan Hasan Harran University, Science and Art Faculty, 63200, Osmanbey, Şanlıurfa, Turkey aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Çelik Bahattin Harran University, Science and Art Faculty, 63200, Osmanbey, Şanlıurfa, Turkey aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Heun Manfred Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O.Box 5003, 1430, Ås, Norway aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Vegetation History and Archaeobotany Springer-Verlag 20/4(2011-07-01), 305-318 0939-6314 20:4<305 2011 20 334 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer