caa a22 4500 445367083 CHVBK 20180317142934.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170323e20111101xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s00484-011-0494-6 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s00484-011-0494-6 Genetic and environmental influences on leaf phenology and cold hardiness of native and introduced riparian trees [Elektronische Daten] [Jonathan Friedman, James Roelle, Brian Cade] To explore the roles of plasticity and genetic variation in the response to spatial and temporal climate variation, we established a common garden consisting of paired collections of native and introduced riparian trees sampled along a latitudinal gradient. The garden in Fort Collins, Colorado (latitude 40.6°N), included 681 native plains cottonwood (Populus deltoides subsp. monilifera) and introduced saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima, T. chinensis and hybrids) collected from 15 sites at 29.2-47.6°N in the central United States. In the common garden both species showed latitudinal variation in fall, but not spring, leaf phenology, suggesting that the latitudinal gradient in fall phenology observed in the field results at least in part from inherited variation in the critical photoperiod, while the latitudinal gradient in spring phenology observed in the field is largely a plastic response to the temperature gradient. Populations from higher latitudes exhibited earlier bud set and leaf senescence. Cold hardiness varied latitudinally in both fall and spring for both species. For cottonwood, cold hardiness began earlier and ended later in northern than in southern populations. For saltcedar northern populations were hardier throughout the cold season than southern populations. Although cottonwood was hardier than saltcedar in midwinter, the reverse was true in late fall and early spring. The latitudinal variation in fall phenology and cold hardiness of saltcedar appears to have developed as a result of multiple introductions of genetically distinct populations, hybridization and natural selection in the 150years since introduction. US Government, 2011 Cold hardiness nationallicence Latitude nationallicence Phenology nationallicence Rapid evolution nationallicence Populus deltoides nationallicence Tamarix nationallicence Friedman Jonathan US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building C, 80526, Fort Collins, CO, USA aut Roelle James US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building C, 80526, Fort Collins, CO, USA aut Cade Brian US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building C, 80526, Fort Collins, CO, USA aut International Journal of Biometeorology Springer-Verlag 55/6(2011-11-01), 775-787 0020-7128 55:6<775 2011 55 484 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-011-0494-6 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-011-0494-6 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Friedman Jonathan US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building C, 80526, Fort Collins, CO, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Roelle James US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building C, 80526, Fort Collins, CO, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Cade Brian US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building C, 80526, Fort Collins, CO, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- International Journal of Biometeorology Springer-Verlag 55/6(2011-11-01), 775-787 0020-7128 55:6<775 2011 55 484 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer