caa a22 4500 445371080 CHVBK 20180317142946.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170323e20111201xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s00340-011-4763-1 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s00340-011-4763-1 Applications of LIBS for determination of ionic species (NaCl) in electrical cables for investigation of electrical breakdown [Elektronische Daten] [M. Gondal, M. Shwehdi, A. Khalil] The formation of water trees in high-voltage cables can wreak havoc to power systems. The water tree is produced within the high voltage cable insulator when impurities like sodium and magnesium present in the insulating material react with moist soil to form chlorides. This water tree causes electrical breakdown by short circuiting the metallic conductor and the earth. In this paper we use laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) to detect the potentially dangerous elements that form the water tree in the insulating cable. The LIBS system used for this work consists of the fundamental (1064 nm) of a Nd:YAG laser, four spectrometer modules that cover the visible and near-UV spectral ranges and an ICCD camera with proper delay and gating sequence. With this arrangement we were able to measure the elemental concentrations of trace metals present in the insulating cable. The concentrations measured with our LIBS system were counter checked by a standard technique like inductively coupled plasma (ICP) emission spectrometry. The maximum concentrations for ionic species such as Ba (455.40nm), Ca (393.36nm), Cr (267.71nm), Fe (259.94nm), Cl (542.3nm), Mg (516.7nm), Mn (257.61nm), Na (589.59nm) and Ti (334.18nm) are 20.6, 43.2, 1.6, 148.4, 24.2, 22.1, 4.2, 39.56 and 4.35 ppm, respectively. The relative accuracy of our LIBS system for various elements as compared with the ICP method is in the range of 0.03-0.6 at 2.5% error confidence. Springer-Verlag, 2011 Gondal M. Laser Research Group, Physics Department and Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Box 5047, 31261, Dhahran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia aut Shwehdi M. Electrical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, 31261, Dhahran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia aut Khalil A. National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences (NILES), Cairo University, 12613, Giza, Egypt aut Applied Physics B Springer-Verlag 105/4(2011-12-01), 915-922 0946-2171 105:4<915 2011 105 340 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-011-4763-1 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-011-4763-1 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Gondal M. Laser Research Group, Physics Department and Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Box 5047, 31261, Dhahran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Shwehdi M. Electrical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, 31261, Dhahran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Khalil A. National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences (NILES), Cairo University, 12613, Giza, Egypt aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Applied Physics B Springer-Verlag 105/4(2011-12-01), 915-922 0946-2171 105:4<915 2011 105 340 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer