caa a22 4500 445377054 CHVBK 20180317143006.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170323e20110401xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s00702-010-0554-9 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s00702-010-0554-9 Transcranial magnetic stimulation in Alzheimer's disease: a neurophysiological marker of cortical hyperexcitability [Elektronische Daten] [Giovanni Pennisi, Raffaele Ferri, Giuseppe Lanza, Mariagiovanna Cantone, Manuela Pennisi, Valentina Puglisi, Giulia Malaguarnera, Rita Bella] Recently, neuropathological studies have shown an important motor cortex involvement in Alzheimer's disease (AD), even in its early stages, despite the lack of clinically evident motor deficit. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies have demonstrated that cortical excitability is enhanced in AD patients. This cortical hyperexcitability is believed to be a compensatory mechanism to execute voluntary movements, despite the progressive impairment of associative cortical areas. At present, it is not clear if these motor cortex excitability changes might be the expression of an involvement of intracortical excitatory glutamatergic circuits or an impairment of inhibitory cholinergic and, to a lesser extent, gabaergic activity. Although the main hypothesis for the pathogenesis of AD remains the degeneration of the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, the development of specific TMS protocols, such as the paired-pulse TMS and the study of the short-latency afferent inhibition, points out the role of other neurotransmitters, such as gamma-amino-butyric acid, glutamate and dopamine. The potential therapeutic effect of repetitive TMS in restoring or compensating damaged cognitive functions, might become a possible rehabilitation tool in AD patients. Based on different patterns of cortical excitability, TMS may be useful in discriminating between physiological brain aging, mild cognitive impairment, AD and other dementing disorders. The present review provides a perspective of these TMS techniques by further understanding the role of different neurotransmission pathways and plastic remodelling of neuronal networks in the pathogenesis of AD. Springer-Verlag, 2010 Transcranial magnetic stimulation nationallicence Cortical excitability nationallicence Aging nationallicence Alzheimer's disease nationallicence Neurotransmission nationallicence Neuroplasticity nationallicence Pennisi Giovanni Department of Neuroscience, University of Catania, Catania, Italy aut Ferri Raffaele Department of Neurology I.C., Oasi Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging (IRCCS), Troina, Italy aut Lanza Giuseppe Department of Neuroscience, University of Catania, Catania, Italy aut Cantone Mariagiovanna Department of Neuroscience, University of Catania, Catania, Italy aut Pennisi Manuela Department of Chemistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy aut Puglisi Valentina Department of Neuroscience, University of Catania, Catania, Italy aut Malaguarnera Giulia Department of Neuroscience, University of Catania, Catania, Italy aut Bella Rita Department of Neuroscience, University of Catania, Catania, Italy aut Journal of Neural Transmission Springer Vienna 118/4(2011-04-01), 587-598 0300-9564 118:4<587 2011 118 702 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-010-0554-9 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 review-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-010-0554-9 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Pennisi Giovanni Department of Neuroscience, University of Catania, Catania, Italy aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Ferri Raffaele Department of Neurology I.C., Oasi Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging (IRCCS), Troina, Italy aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Lanza Giuseppe Department of Neuroscience, University of Catania, Catania, Italy aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Cantone Mariagiovanna Department of Neuroscience, University of Catania, Catania, Italy aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Pennisi Manuela Department of Chemistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Puglisi Valentina Department of Neuroscience, University of Catania, Catania, Italy aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Malaguarnera Giulia Department of Neuroscience, University of Catania, Catania, Italy aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Bella Rita Department of Neuroscience, University of Catania, Catania, Italy aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Journal of Neural Transmission Springer Vienna 118/4(2011-04-01), 587-598 0300-9564 118:4<587 2011 118 702 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer