caa a22 4500 445389648 CHVBK 20180317143042.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170323e20110901xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s00049-011-0075-5 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s00049-011-0075-5 Chemical defense in pelagic octopus paralarvae: Tetrodotoxin alone does not protect individual paralarvae of the greater blue-ringed octopus ( Hapalochlaena lunulata ) from common reef predators [Elektronische Daten] [Becky Williams, Vanessa Lovenburg, Christine Huffard, Roy Caldwell] Some pelagic marine larvae possess anti-predator chemical defenses. Occasionally, toxic adults imbue their young with their own defensive cocktails. We examined paralarvae of the greater blue-ringed octopus (Hapalochlaena lunulata) for the deadly neurotoxin tetrodotoxin (TTX), and if present, whether TTX conferred protection to individual paralarvae. Paralarvae of H. lunulata possessed 150±17ng TTX each. These paralarvae appeared distasteful to a variety of fish and stomatopod predators, yet food items spiked with 200ng TTX were readily consumed by predators. We conclude that TTX alone does not confer individual protection to paralarvae of H. lunulata, and that they possess an alternative defense. In larger doses, tetrodotoxin is a deterrent to the predatory stomatopod Haptosquilla trispinosa (mean dose=3.97μg/g). This corresponds to 12-13 paralarvae per predator based on the TTX levels of the clutch we examined. Thus, the basic assumption that individual paralarvae of H. lunulata are defended by TTX alone was disproved. Instead, functionality of TTX levels in paralarvae may arise through alternative selective pathways, such as deterrence to parasites, through kin selection, or against predator species not tested here. Springer Basel AG, 2011 Chemical defense nationallicence Cephalopod blue-ringed octopus nationallicence Hapalochlaena lunulata nationallicence Palatability nationallicence Tetrodotoxin nationallicence Paralarvae nationallicence Pelagic larvae nationallicence Williams Becky Department of Biology, MSC 3AF, New Mexico State University, P.O. Box 30001, 88003-8001, Las Cruces, NM, USA aut Lovenburg Vanessa Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3060 Valley Life Science Bldg #3140, 94720-3140, Berkeley, CA, USA aut Huffard Christine Conservation International Indonesia, 17 Jalan Dr. Muwardi, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia aut Caldwell Roy Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3060 Valley Life Science Bldg #3140, 94720-3140, Berkeley, CA, USA aut Chemoecology SP Birkhäuser Verlag Basel 21/3(2011-09-01), 131-141 0937-7409 21:3<131 2011 21 49 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00049-011-0075-5 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00049-011-0075-5 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Williams Becky Department of Biology, MSC 3AF, New Mexico State University, P.O. Box 30001, 88003-8001, Las Cruces, NM, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Lovenburg Vanessa Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3060 Valley Life Science Bldg #3140, 94720-3140, Berkeley, CA, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Huffard Christine Conservation International Indonesia, 17 Jalan Dr. Muwardi, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Caldwell Roy Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3060 Valley Life Science Bldg #3140, 94720-3140, Berkeley, CA, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Chemoecology SP Birkhäuser Verlag Basel 21/3(2011-09-01), 131-141 0937-7409 21:3<131 2011 21 49 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer