caa a22 4500 445815949 CHVBK 20180317145228.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170323e20110101xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s11214-010-9715-2 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s11214-010-9715-2 Interplanetary Origin of Intense, Superintense and Extreme Geomagnetic Storms [Elektronische Daten] [Walter Gonzalez, Ezequiel Echer, Bruce Tsurutani, Alicia Clúade Gonzalez, Alisson Dal Lago] We present a review on the interplanetary causes of intense geomagnetic storms (Dst≤−100nT), that occurred during solar cycle 23 (1997-2005). It was reported that the most common interplanetary structures leading to the development of intense storms were: magnetic clouds, sheath fields, sheath fields followed by a magnetic cloud and corotating interaction regions at the leading fronts of high speed streams. However, the relative importance of each of those driving structures has been shown to vary with the solar cycle phase. Superintense storms (Dst≤−250nT) have been also studied in more detail for solar cycle 23, confirming initial studies done about their main interplanetary causes. The storms are associated with magnetic clouds and sheath fields following interplanetary shocks, although they frequently involve consecutive and complex ICME structures. Concerning extreme storms (Dst≤−400nT), due to the poor statistics of their occurrence during the space era, only some indications about their main interplanetary causes are known. For the most extreme events, we review the Carrington event and also discuss the distribution of historical and space era extreme events in the context of the sunspot and Gleissberg solar activity cycles, highlighting a discussion about the eventual occurrence of more Carrington-type storms. Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2011 Intense geomagnetic storms nationallicence Geomagnetic activity nationallicence Extreme geomagnetic storms nationallicence Gonzalez Walter National Institute of Space Research, Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil aut Echer Ezequiel National Institute of Space Research, Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil aut Tsurutani Bruce Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA aut Clúade Gonzalez Alicia National Institute of Space Research, Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil aut Dal Lago Alisson National Institute of Space Research, Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil aut Space Science Reviews Springer Netherlands 158/1(2011-01-01), 69-89 0038-6308 158:1<69 2011 158 11214 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-010-9715-2 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 review-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-010-9715-2 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Gonzalez Walter National Institute of Space Research, Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Echer Ezequiel National Institute of Space Research, Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Tsurutani Bruce Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Clúade Gonzalez Alicia National Institute of Space Research, Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Dal Lago Alisson National Institute of Space Research, Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Space Science Reviews Springer Netherlands 158/1(2011-01-01), 69-89 0038-6308 158:1<69 2011 158 11214 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer