caa a22 4500 44581635X CHVBK 20180317145229.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170323e20110901xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s11214-010-9728-x doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s11214-010-9728-x Properties of Energetic Ions in the Solar Atmosphere from γ -Ray and Neutron Observations [Elektronische Daten] [N. Vilmer, A. MacKinnon, G. Hurford] Gamma-rays and neutrons are the only sources of information on energetic ions present during solar flares and on properties of these ions when they interact in the solar atmosphere. The production of γ-rays and neutrons results from convolution of the nuclear cross-sections with the ion distribution functions in the atmosphere. The observed γ-ray and neutron fluxes thus provide useful diagnostics for the properties of energetic ions, yielding strong constraints on acceleration mechanisms as well as properties of the interaction sites. The problem of ion transport between the accelerating and interaction sites must also be addressed to infer as much information as possible on the properties of the primary ion accelerator. In the last couple of decades, both theoretical and observational developments have led to substantial progress in understanding the origin of solar γ-rays and neutrons. This chapter reviews recent developments in the study of solar γ-rays and of solar neutrons at the time of the RHESSI era. The unprecedented quality of the RHESSI data reveals γ-ray line shapes for the first time and provides γ-ray images. Our previous understanding of the properties of energetic ions based on measurements from the former solar cycles is also summarized. The new results—obtained owing both to the gain in spectral resolution (both with RHESSI and with the non solar-dedicated INTEGRAL/SPI instrument) and to the pioneering imaging technique in the γ-ray domain—are presented in the context of this previous knowledge. Still open questions are emphasized in the last section of the chapter and future perspectives on this field are briefly discussed. Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2011 Sun: flares nationallicence Sun: gamma-rays nationallicence Sun: energetic particles nationallicence Sun: acceleration mechanisms nationallicence Vilmer N. LESIA-Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Univ. Paris-Diderot, Paris, France aut MacKinnon A. DACE/Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Glasgow, UK aut Hurford G. Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, 94720-7450, Berkeley, CA, USA aut Space Science Reviews Springer Netherlands 159/1-4(2011-09-01), 167-224 0038-6308 159:1-4<167 2011 159 11214 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-010-9728-x text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 review-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-010-9728-x text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Vilmer N. LESIA-Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Univ. Paris-Diderot, Paris, France aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- MacKinnon A. DACE/Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Glasgow, UK aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Hurford G. Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, 94720-7450, Berkeley, CA, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Space Science Reviews Springer Netherlands 159/1-4(2011-09-01), 167-224 0038-6308 159:1-4<167 2011 159 11214 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer