caa a22 4500 44583742X CHVBK 20180317145334.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170323e20111201xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s10899-010-9219-8 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s10899-010-9219-8 An Eight Component Decision-Making Model for Problem Gambling:A Systems Approach to Stimulate Integrative Research [Elektronische Daten] [David Nussbaum, Kimia Honarmand, Richard Govoni, Martina Kalahani-Bargis, Stephanie Bass, Xinqun Ni, Kaitlyn LaForge, Andrea Burden, Kristoffer Romero, Sonya Basarke, Christine Courbasson, Wade Deamond] Problem Gambling (PG) represents a serious problem for affected individuals, their families and society in general. Previous approaches to understanding PG have been confined to only a subset of the psychobiological factors influencing PG. We present a model that attempts to integrate potential causal factors across levels of organization, providing empirical evidence from the vast literature on PG and complimentary literatures in decision-making and addiction. The model posits that components are arranged systematically to bias decisions in favor of either immediately approaching or avoiding targets affording the opportunity for immediate reward. Dopamine, Testosterone and Endogenous Opioids favor immediate approach, while Serotonin and Cortisol favor inhibition. Glutamate is involved in associative learning between stimuli and promotes the approach response through its link to the DA reward system. GABA functions to monitor performance and curb impulsive decision-making. Finally, while very high levels of Norepinephrine can induce arousal to an extent that is detrimental to sound decision-making, the reactivity of the Norepinephrine system and its effects of Cortisol levels can shift the focus towards long-term consequences, thereby inhibiting impulsive decisions. Empirical evidence is provided showing the effects of each component on PG and decision-making across behavioural, neuropsychological, functional neuroimaging and genetic levels. Last, an effect size analysis of the growing pharmacotherapy literature is presented. It is hoped that this model will stimulate multi-level research to solidify our comprehension of biased decision-making in PG and suggest pharmacological and psychological approaches to treatment. The Author(s), 2010 Problem gambling nationallicence Decision-making nationallicence Impulsivity nationallicence Psychopharmacology nationallicence Impulse control disorders nationallicence Nussbaum David Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, SW414 1265 Military Trail, M1C 1A4, Toronto, ON, Canada aut Honarmand Kimia Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, 1200 Main St. W., L8N 3Z5, Hamilton, ON, Canada aut Govoni Richard Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, N9B 3P4, Windsor, ON, Canada aut Kalahani-Bargis Martina Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, SW414 1265 Military Trail, M1C 1A4, Toronto, ON, Canada aut Bass Stephanie Graduate Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 151 St. George St., Toronto, ON, Canada aut Ni Xinqun Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, M5T 1R8, Toronto, ON, Canada aut LaForge Kaitlyn Graduate Program in Psychology, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Ave., L2S 3A1, St. Catharines, ON, Canada aut Burden Andrea Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College St., M5S 3M2, Toronto, ON, Canada aut Romero Kristoffer Graduate Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 151 St. George St., Toronto, ON, Canada aut Basarke Sonya Graduate Program in Psychology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, M5B 2K3, Toronto, ON, Canada aut Courbasson Christine Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, M5T 1R8, Toronto, ON, Canada aut Deamond Wade Graduate Department of Psychology, Yorkville University, 1149 Smythe St, E3B 3H4, Fredericton, NB, Canada aut Journal of Gambling Studies Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 27/4(2011-12-01), 523-563 1573-3602 27:4<523 2011 27 10899 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-010-9219-8 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 review-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-010-9219-8 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Nussbaum David Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, SW414 1265 Military Trail, M1C 1A4, Toronto, ON, Canada aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Honarmand Kimia Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, 1200 Main St. W., L8N 3Z5, Hamilton, ON, Canada aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Govoni Richard Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, N9B 3P4, Windsor, ON, Canada aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Kalahani-Bargis Martina Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, SW414 1265 Military Trail, M1C 1A4, Toronto, ON, Canada aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Bass Stephanie Graduate Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 151 St. George St., Toronto, ON, Canada aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Ni Xinqun Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, M5T 1R8, Toronto, ON, Canada aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- LaForge Kaitlyn Graduate Program in Psychology, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Ave., L2S 3A1, St. Catharines, ON, Canada aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Burden Andrea Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College St., M5S 3M2, Toronto, ON, Canada aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Romero Kristoffer Graduate Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 151 St. George St., Toronto, ON, Canada aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Basarke Sonya Graduate Program in Psychology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, M5B 2K3, Toronto, ON, Canada aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Courbasson Christine Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, M5T 1R8, Toronto, ON, Canada aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Deamond Wade Graduate Department of Psychology, Yorkville University, 1149 Smythe St, E3B 3H4, Fredericton, NB, Canada aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Journal of Gambling Studies Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 27/4(2011-12-01), 523-563 1573-3602 27:4<523 2011 27 10899 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer