caa a22 4500 445845120 CHVBK 20180317145356.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170323e20110701xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s10709-011-9591-z doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s10709-011-9591-z Genotype×environment interaction is weaker in genitalia than in mating signals and body traits in Enchenopa treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae) [Elektronische Daten] [Rafael Rodríguez, Nooria Al-Wathiqui] Theory predicts that selection acting across environments should erode genetic variation in reaction norms; i.e., selection should weaken genotype×environment interaction (G×E). In spite of this expectation, G×E is often detected in fitness-related traits. It thus appears that G×E is at least sometimes sustained under selection, a possibility that highlights the need for theory that can account for variation in the presence and strength of G×E. We tested the hypothesis that trait differences in developmental architecture contribute to variation in the expression of G×E. Specifically, we assessed the influence of canalization (robustness to genetic or environmental perturbations) and condition-dependence (association between trait expression and prior resource acquisition or vital cellular processes). We compared G×E across three trait types expected to differ in canalization and condition-dependence: mating signals, body size-related traits, and genitalia. Because genitalia are expected to show the least condition-dependence and the most canalization, they should express weaker G×E than the other trait types. Our study species was a member of the Enchenopa binotata species complex of treehoppers. We found significant G×E in most traits; G×E was strongest in signals and body traits, and weakest in genitalia. These results support the hypothesis that trait differences in developmental architecture (canalization and condition-dependence) contribute to variation in the expression of G×E. We discuss implications for the dynamics of sexual selection on different trait types. Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2011 Developmental plasticity nationallicence Maintenance of genetic variation nationallicence Phytophagous insect nationallicence Rodríguez Rafael Behavioral and Molecular Ecology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Lapham Hall, 3209 N. Maryland Ave., 53201, Milwaukee, WI, USA aut Al-Wathiqui Nooria Behavioral and Molecular Ecology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Lapham Hall, 3209 N. Maryland Ave., 53201, Milwaukee, WI, USA aut Genetica Springer Netherlands 139/7(2011-07-01), 871-884 0016-6707 139:7<871 2011 139 10709 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10709-011-9591-z text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10709-011-9591-z text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Rodríguez Rafael Behavioral and Molecular Ecology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Lapham Hall, 3209 N. Maryland Ave., 53201, Milwaukee, WI, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Al-Wathiqui Nooria Behavioral and Molecular Ecology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Lapham Hall, 3209 N. Maryland Ave., 53201, Milwaukee, WI, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Genetica Springer Netherlands 139/7(2011-07-01), 871-884 0016-6707 139:7<871 2011 139 10709 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer