caa a22 4500 445847603 CHVBK 20180317145403.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170323e20111001xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s10548-011-0178-x doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s10548-011-0178-x Development and Decline of Memory Functions in Normal, Pathological and Healthy Successful Aging [Elektronische Daten] [C. Aine, L. Sanfratello, J. Adair, J. Knoefel, A. Caprihan, J. Stephen] Many neuroimaging studies of age-related memory decline interpret resultant differences in brain activation patterns in the elderly as reflecting a type of compensatory response or regression to a simpler state of brain organization. Here we review a series of our own studies which lead us to an alternative interpretation, and highlights a couple of potential confounds in the aging literature that may act to increase the variability of results within age groups and across laboratories. From our perspective, level of cognitive functioning achieved by a group of elderly is largely determined by the health of individuals within this group. Individuals with a history of hypertension, for example, are likely to have multiple white matter insults which compromise cognitive functioning, independent of aging processes. The health of the elderly group has not been well-documented in most previous studies and elderly participants are rarely excluded, or placed into a separate group, due to health-related problems. In addition, recent results show that white matter tracts within the frontal and temporal lobes, regions critical for higher cognitive functions, continue to mature well into the 4th decade of life. This suggests that a young age group may not be the best control group for understanding aging effects on the brain since development is ongoing within this age range. Therefore, we have added a middle-age group to our studies in order to better understand normal development across the lifespan as well as effects of pathology on cognitive functioning in the aging brain. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 2011 Memory nationallicence Cognitive decline nationallicence White matter nationallicence Gray matter nationallicence Development nationallicence Memory strategies nationallicence Hypertension nationallicence White matter hyperintensities nationallicence Alzheimer's disease nationallicence Mild cognitive impairment nationallicence Magnetoencephalography (MEG) nationallicence Aine C. Department of Radiology, MSC10 5530, 1 University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 87131-0001, Albuquerque, NM, USA aut Sanfratello L. Department of Radiology, MSC10 5530, 1 University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 87131-0001, Albuquerque, NM, USA aut Adair J. Department of Neurology, 1 University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 87131, Albuquerque, NM, USA aut Knoefel J. Department of Internal Medicine, 1 University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 87131, Albuquerque, NM, USA aut Caprihan A. The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Blvd. NE, 87106, Albuquerque, NM, USA aut Stephen J. The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Blvd. NE, 87106, Albuquerque, NM, USA aut Brain Topography Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 24/3-4(2011-10-01), 323-339 0896-0267 24:3-4<323 2011 24 10548 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10548-011-0178-x text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10548-011-0178-x text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Aine C. Department of Radiology, MSC10 5530, 1 University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 87131-0001, Albuquerque, NM, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Sanfratello L. Department of Radiology, MSC10 5530, 1 University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 87131-0001, Albuquerque, NM, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Adair J. Department of Neurology, 1 University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 87131, Albuquerque, NM, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Knoefel J. Department of Internal Medicine, 1 University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 87131, Albuquerque, NM, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Caprihan A. The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Blvd. NE, 87106, Albuquerque, NM, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Stephen J. The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Blvd. NE, 87106, Albuquerque, NM, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Brain Topography Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 24/3-4(2011-10-01), 323-339 0896-0267 24:3-4<323 2011 24 10548 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer