caa a22 4500 445854235 CHVBK 20180317145423.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170323e20110201xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s00191-010-0188-y doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s00191-010-0188-y Formal and informal external linkages and firms' innovative strategies. A cross-country comparison [Elektronische Daten] [Isabel Freitas, Tommy Clausen, Roberto Fontana, Bart Verspagen] Firms increasingly rely upon external actors for their innovation process. Interaction with these actors may occur formally (i.e. through a collaboration agreement) or informally (i.e. external actors acts as sources of information). We analyze the reasons why firms consider it to be important to develop formal and informal external linkages in the innovation process by looking at the role played by firms' innovative strategies and by taking into account the possibility that a complementarity or substitutive relationship might exist between formal and informal linkages. Data are from the Third Community Innovation Survey (CIS 3), where we have access to firm level micro-data from Sweden, Norway, the Netherlands and the UK. The Author(s), 2010 External information sources nationallicence Innovation strategy nationallicence Formal cooperation nationallicence Multivariate Probit nationallicence Freitas Isabel Grenoble Ecole de Management, 12 rue Pierre Sémard, BP 127, 38003, Grenoble cedex 01, Italy aut Clausen Tommy University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway aut Fontana Roberto Department of Economics, University of Pavia, Via San Felice 5, 27100, Pavia, Italy aut Verspagen Bart Department of Economics, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200, Maastricht, The Netherlands aut Journal of Evolutionary Economics Springer-Verlag 21/1(2011-02-01), 91-119 0936-9937 21:1<91 2011 21 191 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00191-010-0188-y text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00191-010-0188-y text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Freitas Isabel Grenoble Ecole de Management, 12 rue Pierre Sémard, BP 127, 38003, Grenoble cedex 01, Italy aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Clausen Tommy University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Fontana Roberto Department of Economics, University of Pavia, Via San Felice 5, 27100, Pavia, Italy aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Verspagen Bart Department of Economics, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200, Maastricht, The Netherlands aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Journal of Evolutionary Economics Springer-Verlag 21/1(2011-02-01), 91-119 0936-9937 21:1<91 2011 21 191 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer