caa a22 4500 445858028 CHVBK 20180317145434.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170323e20111001xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s10592-011-0225-x doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s10592-011-0225-x Patterns of genetic diversity in the critically endangered Central American river turtle: human influence since the Mayan age? [Elektronische Daten] [Gracia González-Porter, Frank Hailer, Oscar Flores-Villela, Rony García-Anleu, Jesús Maldonado] We conducted a phylogeographic analysis of the strictly aquatic and critically endangered Central American river turtle, Dermatemys mawii, as part of a conservation management program for the species. We sampled 238 individuals from 15 different localities throughout the species range. Using sequence fragments from the mtDNA Cyt b and ND4 genes, we identified 16 different haplotypes. Overall, our results reveal a signal of phylogeographic structure throughout the range, which appears to have been secondarily blurred by extensive gene flow. Notably, this also applies to genetic structuring across three major hydrological basins that pose biogeographic breaks in other aquatic taxa. Divergence times of mtDNA haplotypes in D. mawii suggest that the main lineages split in the Pliocene-Pleistocene (3.73-0.227MA) and demographic tests indicate that the species has undergone drastic demographic size fluctuations since this time period. One ancient haplotype (1D) was found to exhibit sequence divergence of up to 2% from other haplogroups. Divergence of this magnitude is indicative of species level differentiation in other turtle genera. Haplotype 1D was found in only two localities, Sarstun and Salinas, but specimens with other haplotypes were also found in those localities. It is not known whether the individuals with the 1D haplotype interbreed with non-1D individuals. Our results suggest that human activity, such as harvesting and long distance transport of animals, may have influenced the current patterns of genetic diversity. For more than 2000years, D. mawii has been consumed by people from Middle American cultures, and the archeological record contains strong evidence that the Mayans transported animals between villages and far away from their natural distribution range. Therefore, the large-scale pattern of haplotype sharing even across hydrological barriers, the observed low haplotype diversity in some populations and the contemporary absence of a pronounced phylogeographic pattern is likely due to a combination of population expansions, gene flow, extensive human-mediated-movements and recent bottlenecks resulting from over-harvesting. US Government, 2011 Population genetic structure nationallicence Dermatemys mawii nationallicence Dermatemydidae nationallicence Mitochondrial DNA nationallicence Freshwater turtles nationallicence González-Porter Gracia Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Avenue NW, 20008, Washington, DC, USA aut Hailer Frank Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Avenue NW, 20008, Washington, DC, USA aut Flores-Villela Oscar Museo de Zoología Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México aut García-Anleu Rony Wildlife Conservation Society-Guatemala Program, Flores, Guatemala aut Maldonado Jesús Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Avenue NW, 20008, Washington, DC, USA aut Conservation Genetics Springer Netherlands 12/5(2011-10-01), 1229-1242 1566-0621 12:5<1229 2011 12 10592 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-011-0225-x text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-011-0225-x text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- González-Porter Gracia Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Avenue NW, 20008, Washington, DC, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Hailer Frank Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Avenue NW, 20008, Washington, DC, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Flores-Villela Oscar Museo de Zoología Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- García-Anleu Rony Wildlife Conservation Society-Guatemala Program, Flores, Guatemala aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Maldonado Jesús Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Avenue NW, 20008, Washington, DC, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Conservation Genetics Springer Netherlands 12/5(2011-10-01), 1229-1242 1566-0621 12:5<1229 2011 12 10592 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer