caa a22 4500 445869755 CHVBK 20180317145508.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170323e20110301xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s11101-010-9204-y doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s11101-010-9204-y Defensive properties of pyrrolizidine alkaloids against microorganisms [Elektronische Daten] [Lotte Joosten, Johannes van Veen] The understanding of the selection factors that drive chemical diversification of secondary metabolites of constitutive defence systems in plants, such as pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), is still incomplete. Historically, plants always have been confronted with microorganisms. Long before herbivores existed on this planet, plants had to cope with microbial pathogens. Therefore, plant pathogenic microorganisms may have played an important role in the early evolution of the secondary metabolite diversity. In this review, we discuss the impact that plant-produced PAs have on plant-associated microorganisms. The objective of the review is to present the current knowledge on PAs with respect to anti-microbial activities, adaptation and detoxification by microorganisms, pathogenic fungi, root protection and PA induction. Many in vitro experiments showed effects of PAs on microorganisms. These results point to the potential of microorganisms to be important for the evolution of PAs. However, only a few in vivo studies have been published and support the results of the in vitro studies. In conclusion, the topics pointed out in this review need further exploration by carrying out ecological experiments and field studies. The Author(s), 2010 Anti-microbial activity nationallicence Adaptation nationallicence Pathogens nationallicence Plant defence nationallicence Secondary metabolites nationallicence N : Nitrogen nationallicence PAs : Pyrrolizidine alkaloids nationallicence Joosten Lotte Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands aut van Veen Johannes Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands aut Phytochemistry Reviews Springer Netherlands 10/1(2011-03-01), 127-136 1568-7767 10:1<127 2011 10 11101 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-010-9204-y text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 review-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-010-9204-y text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Joosten Lotte Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- van Veen Johannes Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Phytochemistry Reviews Springer Netherlands 10/1(2011-03-01), 127-136 1568-7767 10:1<127 2011 10 11101 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer