caa a22 4500 44589041X CHVBK 20180317145614.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170323e20111101xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s11116-010-9317-6 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s11116-010-9317-6 Identifying variations and co-variations in discrete choice models [Elektronische Daten] [Makoto Chikaraishi, Akimasa Fujiwara, Junyi Zhang, Kay Axhausen] This study introduces an extended version of a standard multilevel cross-classified logit model which takes co-variations into account, i.e., variations jointly caused by two or more unobserved factors. Whilst focusing on mode choice behavior, this study deals with four different types of variation: spatial variations, inter-individual variations, intra-individual variations and co-variations between inter-individual and spatial variations. Such co-variations represent individual-specific spatial effects, reflecting different responses to the same space among individuals, which may for example be due to differences in their spatial perceptions. In our empirical analysis, we use data from Mobidrive (a continuous six-week travel survey) to clarify the existence of co-variation effects by comparing two models with and without co-variation terms. The results of this analysis indicate that co-variations certainly exist, especially for utility differences in bicycle and public transport use in comparison with car use. We then sequentially introduce four further sets of explanatory variables, examine the sources of behavioral variations and determine what types of influential factors are dominant in mode choice behavior. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC., 2011 Behavioral variations and co-variations nationallicence Multilevel cross-classified logit model nationallicence Individual-specific spatial effects nationallicence Mobi drive data nationallicence Chikaraishi Makoto Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University, 1-5-1, Kagamiyama, 739-8529, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan aut Fujiwara Akimasa Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University, 1-5-1, Kagamiyama, 739-8529, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan aut Zhang Junyi Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University, 1-5-1, Kagamiyama, 739-8529, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan aut Axhausen Kay Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland aut Transportation Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 38/6(2011-11-01), 993-1016 0049-4488 38:6<993 2011 38 11116 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-010-9317-6 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-010-9317-6 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Chikaraishi Makoto Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University, 1-5-1, Kagamiyama, 739-8529, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Fujiwara Akimasa Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University, 1-5-1, Kagamiyama, 739-8529, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Zhang Junyi Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University, 1-5-1, Kagamiyama, 739-8529, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Axhausen Kay Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Transportation Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 38/6(2011-11-01), 993-1016 0049-4488 38:6<993 2011 38 11116 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer