caa a22 4500 445890495 CHVBK 20180317145614.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170323e20110501xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s11116-010-9307-8 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s11116-010-9307-8 The impacts of time of day pricing on car user behavior: findings from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey's initiative [Elektronische Daten] [José Holguín-Veras, Qian Wang, Ning Xu, Kaan Ozbay] This paper discusses the key findings from a research project that assessed the impacts of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey's Time of Day Pricing Initiative on the behavior of passenger car users. The survey data, comprised of 505 observations, show that 7.4% of passenger trips changed behavior because of the time of day pricing initiative, and that demand is inelastic to tolls with elasticities in the range of −0.11 to −0.24. Passenger car users who changed behavior responded to time of day pricing by implementing multidimensional strategies (3.23 different behavioral changes per user on average), involving behavioral responses such as changes in facility usage, changes in time of travel, changes in the payment type, and changes in mode/occupancy. The most frequently cited behavioral response was to shift mode, either to transit or carpool, and maintain the original time of travel (done in 2.55% of trips), instead of changing time of travel and maintaining the use of the passenger car (0.69% of trips). This reluctance to change travel schedules is undoubtedly a reflection of the limited time of travel flexibility that, on average, was estimated to be 20.4 and 12.3min for early and late arrival for work-related trips. This, in turn, suggests the need for comprehensive policies, possibly involving incentives or regulations to foster employers' participation in staggered/flexible work hour programs. Such approaches, combined with time of day pricing, are likely to be more effective in balancing car traffic during the day. Other behavioral responses of significance were reduce the number of trips made during the weekday peak-hours (1.65%), and switching to EZ-Pass to take advantage of the toll discounts (0.81%). Springer Science+Business Media, LLC., 2010 Road pricing nationallicence Time of day pricing initiative nationallicence Behavioral changes nationallicence Holguín-Veras José Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, JEC 4030, 110 8th Street, 12180, Troy, NY, USA aut Wang Qian Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 231 Ketter Hall, 14260, Buffalo, NY, USA aut Xu Ning Northwest Airlines, Inc, 2700 Lone Oak Parkway, 55121, Eagan, MN, USA aut Ozbay Kaan Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rutgers University, P.O. Box 909, 07855-0909, Piscataway, NJ, USA aut Transportation Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 38/3(2011-05-01), 427-443 0049-4488 38:3<427 2011 38 11116 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-010-9307-8 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-010-9307-8 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Holguín-Veras José Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, JEC 4030, 110 8th Street, 12180, Troy, NY, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Wang Qian Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 231 Ketter Hall, 14260, Buffalo, NY, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Xu Ning Northwest Airlines, Inc, 2700 Lone Oak Parkway, 55121, Eagan, MN, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Ozbay Kaan Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rutgers University, P.O. Box 909, 07855-0909, Piscataway, NJ, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Transportation Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 38/3(2011-05-01), 427-443 0049-4488 38:3<427 2011 38 11116 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer