caa a22 4500 445894040 CHVBK 20180317145625.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170323e20111201xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s10750-011-0844-8 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s10750-011-0844-8 Possible involvement of microcystins in the unexplained mass mortalities of Lesser Flamingo ( Phoeniconaias minor Geoffroy) at Lake Manyara in Tanzania [Elektronische Daten] [H. Nonga, M. Sandvik, C. Miles, E. Lie, R. Mdegela, G. Mwamengele, W. Semuguruka, J. Skaare] Frequent mortality of Lesser Flamingo (Phoeniconaias minor) in East African alkaline saline lakes is a tragedy to the conservation of this nearly threatened species of birds. The objective of this study was to investigate the cause of Lesser Flamingo mortality in Lake Manyara during August 2008 and to determine if microcystins were involved. Pathological, microbiological and microcystin analysis was done to 11 Lesser Flamingo carcasses using standard procedures. It was found that carcasses were emaciated, the visceral organs were enlarged, haemorrhagic and the livers had nodular lesions. Tissue histopathological sections revealed that there was diffuse chronic inflammation, perisinusoidal haemorrhages, portal mononuclear cell infiltrations, necrosis and degenerative changes in the liver. Corynebacteria spp., Pasteurella multocida, Proteus spp. and Escherichia coli were isolated from the visceral organs in all carcasses. All the Lesser Flamingo carcasses contained detectable levels of microcystins. Three microcystin variants: MC-LR, -YR and -RR were detected with MC-LR having a concentration of 22±16μg/g wet weight in livers. Low concentrations of microcystins were detected in the kidneys, lungs and heart samples. Simultaneously, the high concentrations of microcystins in the livers together with the opportunistic bacterial infections could synergistically have caused effects to the stressed Lesser Flamingo which lead to their mortality. Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2011 Lesser Flamingo nationallicence Mortality nationallicence Microcystins nationallicence Cyanobacteria nationallicence Lake Manyara nationallicence Nonga H. Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania aut Sandvik M. National Veterinary Institute, Sentrum, P.O. Box 750, 0106, Oslo, Norway aut Miles C. National Veterinary Institute, Sentrum, P.O. Box 750, 0106, Oslo, Norway aut Lie E. Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P. O. Box 8146 Dep, 0033, Oslo, Norway aut Mdegela R. Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania aut Mwamengele G. Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania aut Semuguruka W. Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania aut Skaare J. Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P. O. Box 8146 Dep, 0033, Oslo, Norway aut Hydrobiologia Springer Netherlands 678/1(2011-12-01), 167-178 0018-8158 678:1<167 2011 678 10750 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-011-0844-8 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-011-0844-8 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Nonga H. Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Sandvik M. National Veterinary Institute, Sentrum, P.O. Box 750, 0106, Oslo, Norway aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Miles C. National Veterinary Institute, Sentrum, P.O. Box 750, 0106, Oslo, Norway aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Lie E. Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P. O. Box 8146 Dep, 0033, Oslo, Norway aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Mdegela R. Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Mwamengele G. Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Semuguruka W. Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Skaare J. Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P. O. Box 8146 Dep, 0033, Oslo, Norway aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Hydrobiologia Springer Netherlands 678/1(2011-12-01), 167-178 0018-8158 678:1<167 2011 678 10750 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer