caa a22 4500 463172221 CHVBK 20180406164816.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170326e20071001xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s10950-007-9065-z doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s10950-007-9065-z Sand blows as a potential tool for magnitude estimation of pre-instrumental earthquakes [Elektronische Daten] [Raymi Castilla, Franck Audemard] A worldwide database of liquefaction-induced sand blows has been compiled to generate empirical relationships between earthquake parameters and sand blow geometries. Curves resulting from these empirical relationships can be used afterwards for the study of historic and pre-historic earthquakes that formed sand blows. This database only incorporates instrumental earthquakes inducing sand blows, characterised in terms of magnitude (Mw), hypocentral location and focal mechanism solution. Two relationships are herein presented. The first curve, minimum likelihood of liquefaction occurrence (magnitude/epicentral distance), displays a logarithmic behaviour, as others already proposed. The second curve of sand-blow diameter vs epicentral distance is the first proposal of this kind, whose shape follows a negative power-law. Magnitude estimations of (pre-)historic earthquakes then may be attempted through these empirical relationships. Resulting magnitudes derived from these curves should be mostly considered as underestimated. The curves will reflect actual magnitudes only if, correspondingly, the farthest and largest blow has ever been reported during the after-earthquake survey. Following the same principle, a magnitude estimation resulting from the measuring of a sand blow can only be considered as minimal because it is almost impossible to ascertain that the measured feature is the biggest one produced by the earthquake under evaluation. Finally, these results call for thorough surveys of induced effects after every future moderate-to-large earthquake, as any empirical relationship simply improves by incorporating new data. Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2007 Earthquake magnitude nationallicence Epicentral distance nationallicence Sand blows nationallicence Historical seismology nationallicence Paleo-seismology nationallicence Castilla Raymi Earth Sciences Department, Venezuelan Foundation for Seismological Research (FUNVISIS), Apdo. Postal 76880, 1070-A, Caracas, Venezuela aut Audemard Franck Earth Sciences Department, Venezuelan Foundation for Seismological Research (FUNVISIS), Apdo. Postal 76880, 1070-A, Caracas, Venezuela aut Journal of Seismology Springer Netherlands 11/4(2007-10-01), 473-487 1383-4649 11:4<473 2007 11 10950 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-007-9065-z text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-007-9065-z text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Castilla Raymi Earth Sciences Department, Venezuelan Foundation for Seismological Research (FUNVISIS), Apdo. Postal 76880, 1070-A, Caracas, Venezuela aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Audemard Franck Earth Sciences Department, Venezuelan Foundation for Seismological Research (FUNVISIS), Apdo. Postal 76880, 1070-A, Caracas, Venezuela aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Journal of Seismology Springer Netherlands 11/4(2007-10-01), 473-487 1383-4649 11:4<473 2007 11 10950 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer