caa a22 4500 463175387 CHVBK 20180406164824.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170326e20071201xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s10336-007-0198-1 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s10336-007-0198-1 Wesołowski Tomasz Department of Avian Ecology, Wrocław University, Sienkiewicza 21, 50 335, Wrocław, Poland aut Lessons from long-term hole-nester studies in a primeval temperate forest [Elektronische Daten] [Tomasz Wesołowski] Nonexcavators (secondary hole-nesters) are birds that critically depend on holes for nesting and roosting; the absence of holes renders habitat uninhabitable to them. In man-managed woods, their populations are known to increase with the provision of nest-boxes, suggesting that the birds are limited by shortage of holes and must compete for them. I use 30years of observations in the last fragments of primeval temperate forest of lowland Europe (Białowieża National Park, eastern Poland) to test these assumptions. They show that, in primeval forest conditions, (1) birds do not face a shortage of holes, (2) competition for nest sites is of minor importance, (3) woodpeckers are not keystone hole providers, and (4) nonexcavated holes provide safer nest sites than excavated holes. The Białowieża results are compared with studies from primeval forests on other continents. I conclude that in primeval forest conditions, hole-nesting nonexcavator birds are not, as a rule, nest-site-limited. Dt. Ornithologen-Gesellschaft e.V., 2007 Nonexcavators nationallicence Excavators nationallicence Białowieża National Park nationallicence Keystone species nationallicence Nest predation nationallicence Nest-site limitation nationallicence Journal of Ornithology Springer-Verlag 148(2007-12-01), 395-405 0021-8375 148<395 2007 148 10336 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-007-0198-1 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 review-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-007-0198-1 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 100 1- Wesołowski Tomasz Department of Avian Ecology, Wrocław University, Sienkiewicza 21, 50 335, Wrocław, Poland aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Journal of Ornithology Springer-Verlag 148(2007-12-01), 395-405 0021-8375 148<395 2007 148 10336 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer