caa a22 4500 463179773 CHVBK 20180406164835.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170326e20071201xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s00381-007-0468-5 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s00381-007-0468-5 Hominid evolution of the arteriovenous system through the cranial base and its relevance for craniosynostosis [Elektronische Daten] [Alexandra Kunz, Charalampos Iliadis] Objective: This paper discusses how the evolving hominid architecture of the arteriovenous system through the cranial base diverted foreseeable pathology in the human brain. Materials and methods: Bipedal upright posture was an early adaptation in mosaic morphological pattern changes in hominid evolution; a key feature, the ability of blood to flow either to vertebral or internal jugular venous systems. Encephalization punctuated hominid evolution, its vulnerable feature, a lower threshold for thermal damage. Comparative analysis of ape and human skulls show "fingerprint” structures, revealing big changes in pattern complexity of the cranial vascular tree. Clues to structural/functional changes span data for apes, humans, and hominid fossils. Here, the increasing vascular network, Australopithecus to Homo sapiens, necessitated changes in the blood flow patterns. The transverse-sigmoid (T/S) and occipital-marginal (O/M) venous networks accommodated hydrostatic changes of blood flow, regulating temperature uniquely: the O/M system enlarged, allowing blood to flow straight down into the vertebral plexus without cooling, and added a vast network of emissary/diploic veins, acting as a brain cooling "radiator.” This O/M system was fixed in the Australopithecus robustus lineage, p = 0.000001; high frequencies of emissary foramen were selected for over time. Ontologically, the human neonatal O/M system is fully developed; emissary/diploic veins are established by age 5, setting conditions for selective brain cooling. Conclusion: The Radiator Theory is the evolution of the functionally efficient brain cooling system, fixed in the A. robustus lineage, tying hydrostatic consequences of bipedalism with release of a "thermal constraint” on the encephalizing brain, and reflected in our own ontogeny. Springer-Verlag, 2007 Craniosynostosis nationallicence Hominid evolution nationallicence Radiator Theory nationallicence Venous sinuses nationallicence Middle meningeal veins nationallicence Emissary veins nationallicence Diploic veins nationallicence Selective brain cooling nationallicence Kunz Alexandra Harvard University (Extension), 114 The Riverway #4, 02215, Boston, MA, USA aut Iliadis Charalampos Neurosurgery Department, University of Patras Medical School, Krannanous 35-37, 41222, Larissa, Greece aut Child's Nervous System Springer-Verlag 23/12(2007-12-01), 1367-1377 0256-7040 23:12<1367 2007 23 381 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-007-0468-5 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-007-0468-5 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Kunz Alexandra Harvard University (Extension), 114 The Riverway #4, 02215, Boston, MA, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Iliadis Charalampos Neurosurgery Department, University of Patras Medical School, Krannanous 35-37, 41222, Larissa, Greece aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Child's Nervous System Springer-Verlag 23/12(2007-12-01), 1367-1377 0256-7040 23:12<1367 2007 23 381 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer