caa a22 4500 463194365 CHVBK 20180406164918.0 cr unu---uuuuu 170326e20070201xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s00420-006-0138-z doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s00420-006-0138-z Human volunteer study on the influence of exposure duration and dilution of dermally applied N -methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) on the urinary elimination of NMP metabolites [Elektronische Daten] [Stephen Keener, Renate Wrbitzky, Michael Bader] Objectives: N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is a versatile solvent used in various industrial processes and applications. Apart from its mildly irritating effects on the eyes, the mucous membranes and the skin, NMP has revealed prenatal toxicity in animal experiments after the oral administration of high doses. The dermal absorption of NMP and the urinary elimination of its main metabolites were investigated within an experimental exposure study. Methods: Four male volunteers were exposed to liquid NMP under occlusive conditions on the back of one hand with varying exposure times and solvent concentrations. Urine was collected before, during and after the exposure and analysed for the main NMP metabolites 5-hydroxy-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (5-HNMP) and 2-hydroxy-N-methylsuccinimide (2-HMSI). Results: The urinary concentration of the metabolites upon exposure to undiluted NMP for 2h increased rapidly with 5-HNMP reaching a maximum at 4-5h and 2-HMSI after 26-29h. The application of aqueous NMP solutions resulted in a delay of the peak time for 5-HNMP of approximately 6h as compared with the undiluted solvent. An average dermal absorption of 5.4±1.5mg NMPcm−2h−1 was calculated for a 2h exposure to undiluted NMP (6.5±2.0mg NMPcm−2h−1 for a 30min exposure). Aqueous dilution of NMP to 50% was followed by a decrease of the absorption to 0.9±0.5mg NMPcm−2h−1. NMP metabolite concentrations in the range of the detection limits were found only in isolated urine samples after exposure to 10% NMP in aqueous dilution. Conclusions: NMP is rapidly absorbed across the skin and the dermal route may contribute significantly to the uptake of the solvent. Therefore, a biomonitoring of NMP exposed workers is essential for occupational-medical surveillance. Both urinary metabolites reflect the internal dose after a dermal absorption of NMP and thus qualify as suitable biomarkers for NMP exposure. Springer-Verlag, 2006 N -methyl-2-pyrrolidone nationallicence Dermal absorption nationallicence Biomonitoring nationallicence Keener Stephen Department of Occupational Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany aut Wrbitzky Renate Department of Occupational Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany aut Bader Michael Department of Occupational Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany aut International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health Springer-Verlag 80/4(2007-02-01), 327-334 0340-0131 80:4<327 2007 80 420 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-006-0138-z text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-006-0138-z text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Keener Stephen Department of Occupational Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Wrbitzky Renate Department of Occupational Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Bader Michael Department of Occupational Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health Springer-Verlag 80/4(2007-02-01), 327-334 0340-0131 80:4<327 2007 80 420 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer